In the context of the development of our study (S. Mohammed et al.) entitled “Theoretical calculation of positron-nuclear emulsion image resolution using Geant4 code” published on 2017, this research will evaluate the optimization of the image resolution of the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) when the so-called nuclear emulsion technology is introduced into tumor imaging. Upgraded and more reliable FLUKA Monte-Carlo simulation codes were performed in order to simulate a punctual source of 1 MeV positrons, emitting particles in all directions through a nuclear emulsion medium. Two new methods dedicated for the vertex reconstruction leading to an accurate recognition of the positron source are presented in this work. Moreover, this research focuses on the effects of the technical obstructions that would affect the PET imaging procedures using the nuclear emulsion, such as the scanning microscope efficiency and the actual accuracy of the slope and position measurement of the particle track on the emulsion. Taking such parameters into considerations gave a more precise and realistic estimate of the so-optimized image resolution for the PET medical imaging system.
WalkerJ., HawkesworthM.R., A Comparison between Cold Neutron Radiography and Positron Emission Tomography for Liquid Location In: Neutron Radiograhy,
Barton,J.P.,
FarnyG.,
PersonJ.L. and RottgerH. (Eds.). Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, ISBN:978-94 01 0-8221 -1, 1987, pp. 729–738.
3.
MosesW.W., Fundamental limits of spatial resolution in PET, Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A648 (2011), S236–S240.
4.
WernickM.N., AarsvoldJ.N., Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 2004.
5.
RohrenE.M., TurkingtonT.G., ColemanR.E., Clinical applications of PET in oncology. Radiol231 (2004), 305–332.
6.
TaiY.F. and PicciniP., Applications of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in neurology, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry75 (2004), 669–676.
7.
WernickM.N., AarsvoldJ.N., Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 2004.
8.
KelanyA.M., Parameters affecting the quality of renal dynamic scan in nuclear Medicine Imaging, Journal of Radiation and Nuclear Applications4 (2019), 201–205.
9.
LevinC.S. and HoffmanE.J., Calculation of positron range and its effect on the fundamental limit of positron emission tomography system spatial resolution Phys, Med. Biol44 (1999), 781–799.
10.
MohammedS. and TarbelsiA., Theoretical Calculation of Positron-Nuclear Emulsion Image Resolution Using Geant4 Code, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences12 (2017), 8978–8983.
11.
BlauM., Photographic tracks from cosmic rays, Nature142 (1938), 613.
12.
BakerR.J.J., Autoradiography: Royal Microscpical Society Microscopy Handbooks, 1st Edn., Oxford Science Publication, Oxford, England, UK, 1989.
AhmedA., HassanH., HassanK., et al., Cross sections for the formation of radioiodines in proton bombardment of natural tellerium with particular reference to the validation of data for the production of 123I, Radiochimica Acta99 (2011), 317–323.
15.
Abdel-AtyA.M., ElmaghrabyE.K., Tag El-DinI.M.A.,
SaidS.A.,
AllamM.A. and KhalafA.M., Nuclear medium effects on pre-equilibrium nucleon emission reactions, J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci.5 (2012), 532.
16.
KulangaraA.C., Autoradiography using melted nuclear emulsion, Nature192 (1961), 437–439.
17.
NakaT., AsadaT., KatsuragawaT., HakamataK., YoshimotoM., et al., Fine grained nuclear emulsion for higher resolution tracking detector, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A. Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors Associated Equip.718 (2013), 519–521.
ArrabitoL., et al., Track reconstruction in the emulsion-lead target of the OPERA experiment using the ESS microscope, Journal of Instrumentation2 (2007).
BallariniF., et al., Nuclear models in FLUKA: Present capabilities, open problems and future improvements SLAC-PUB-10813, 2004.
26.
TioukovV., KresloI., PetukhovY. and SirriG., The FEDRA-framework for emulsion data reconstruction and analysis in the OPERA experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A. Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors Associated Equip.559 (2006), 103–105.
27.
BatleJ., OoiC.R., FaroukA., AbutalibM. and AbdallaS., Do multipartite correlations speed up adiabatic quantum computation or quantum annealing?Quantum Information Processing15(8) (2016), 3081–3099.
28.
BatleJ., FaroukA., TarawnehO. and AbdallaS., Multipartite quantum correlations among atoms in QED cavities, Frontiers of Physics13(1) (2018), 130305.
29.
BatleJ., OoiC.R., FaroukA., AlkhambashiM.S. and AbdallaS., Global versus local quantum correlations in the Grover search algorithm, Quantum Information Processing15(2) (2016), 833–849.
BatleJ., NaseriM., GhorannevissM., FaroukA., AlkhambashiM. and ElhosenyM., Shareability of correlations in multiqubit states: optimization of nonlocal monogamy inequalities, Physical Review A95(3) (2017), 032123.
33.
BatleJ., CiftjaO., NaseriM., GhorannevissM., FaroukA. and ElhosenyM., Equilibrium and uniform charge distribution of a classical two-dimensional system of point charges with hard-wall confinement, Physica Scripta92(5) (2017), 055801.
34.
NagataK., NakamuraT., GeurdesH., BatleJ., AbdallaS. and FaroukA., Creating very true quantum algorithms for quantum energy based computing, International Journal of Theoretical Physics57(4) (2018), 973–980.
35.
GaoW., GuiraoJ.L.G., Abdel-AtyM. and XiW., An independent set degree condition for fractional critical deleted graphs, Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems – Series S12(4–5) (2019), 877–886.
36.
Abdel AtyM., Quantum information entropy and multi-qubit entanglement, Progress in Quantum Electronics31(1) (2007), 1–49.
37.
PistilloCiro, An automatic scanning system for nuclear emulsion analysis in the OPERA experiment, Ph.D thesis (2004), Universit degli Studi di Napoli “Frederico II”.
38.
LEP Deliign Report, CERN-LEP 8-01, 1984.
39.
AllenM.P., EvansG.T., FrenkelD. and MulderB.M., Hard convex body fluids, Adv. Chem. Phys.86 (1993), 1–166.
