Regarding the real-time and content adaptation requirements for end-to-end delivery of compressed video codestreams, the proposed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system implements cross-layer functionality with video codestream parsing and shuffling for optical wavelength carriers to achieve format-compliant encryption and high computational efficiency. The proposed intelligent shuffling cryptography scheme is controlled by an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) and an optical switch matrix; it is presented to change the carried optical wavelength of authorized users dynamically; this serves to protect against eavesdropping at the transmitted optical line terminal end. The approximate symmetric decryption is configured with an AWG/electrical switch matrix at the receiving optical network unit end to de-shuffle the wavelength and retrieve the video datastream in compressed format. In the proposed system, the presented chaos/binary algorithm (i.e., CBmA) generates the shuffling sequences required for implementing random and aperiodic effectiveness. The experimental video application layer results showed that the perceptibility of shuffled videos verifies the content protection ability of the proposed system on the basis of the peak signal-noise ratio degradation and perceptual quality.
ShakeT.H., “Security performance of optical CDMA against eavesdropping,”, J. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol.23(2) (2005), 655–670.
2.
ShakeT.H., “Confidentiality performance of spectral-phase-encoded optical CDMA,”, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 23(4) (2005), 1652–1663.
3.
ChangYao-Tang, SueChuan-Ching and HuangJen-Fa, “Robust Design for Reconfigurable Coder/Decoders to Protect Against Eavesdropping in Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical CDMA Networks,”, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 25(8) (2007), 1931–1948.
4.
ChangY.T. and TsailinC.W., “Dynamic scrambling scheme of arrayed-waveguide grating-based encryptors and decryptors for protection against eavesdropping,”, Computers and Electrical Engineering49(1) (2016), 184–197.
5.
BaugherM., McGrewD., NaslundM., CarraraE. and NorrmanK., “The Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP),”IETF RFC 3711, March, 2004.
6.
ChiaraluceF., CiccarelliL., GambiE., PierleoniP. and ReginelliM., “A new Chaotic Algorithm for Video Encryption,”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics48(4) (2002), 838–844.
7.
KocarevLjupco and LianShiguo (Eds.): “Chaos-Based Cryptography-Theory, Algorithm and Application,”Springer, Heidelberg, 2011.
8.
AndonovicTancevski I. and BudinJ., “Secure optical network architectures utilizing wavelength hopping/time spreading codes,”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.7(5) (1995), 573–575.
9.
ChangYao-Tang, HuangJen-Fa, YenChih-Ta, WangChuen-ChingChengHsu-Chih and HsuKai-chun, “A New Shared AWG-based OCDMA Scheme Implemented with Time-Spreading and Wavelength-Group-Hopping Embedded Code,”, Optical Fiber Technology16(2) (2010), 114–123.
10.
ChangYao-Tang, HuangJen-Fa, WangChuen-Ching, YenChih-Ta, ChengHsu-Chih and ChouLi-Wei, “Adaptive Modified Time-spreading and Wavelength-group-hopping Embedded M-sequence code for Improved Confidentiality over Synchronous Networks”, Optical Engineering50(5) (2011), 055001–055015.
11.
WiegandT., SullivanG.J., BjontegaardG. and LuthraA., “Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard,” Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions On13(7) (2003), 560–576.
12.
ChengH. and XiaoboLi, “Partial encryption of compressed images and videos,” Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions On48(8) (2000)2439–2451.
13.
MassoudiA, LefebvreF., De VleeschouwerC., MacqB. and QuisquaterJ.-J., “Overview on Selective Encryption of Image and Video: Challenges and Perspectives,”, EURASIP Journal on Information Security2008, Article ID 179290 (2008), 1–18.
14.
DufauxF. and EbrahimiT., “Scrambling for Privacy Protection in Video Surveillance Systems,”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology18(8) (2008), 1168–1174.
15.
PareekN.K., PatidarV. and SudK.K., “Image encryption using chaotic logistic map,”, Image and Vision Computing24 (2006), 926–934.
16.
AhadpourS., SadraY. and ArastehFradZ., “A Novel Chaotic Image Encryption using Generalized Threshold Function,”, International Journal of Computer Applications42(18) (2012), 25–31.
17.
AhadpourS., SadraY. and ArastehFradZ., “A Novel Chaotic Encryption Scheme based on Pseudorandom Bit Padding”, IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues9(1) (2012), 449–456.
18.
Sakthidasan@SankaranK. and Santhosh KrishnaB.V., “Algorithm for Image Encryption and Decryption of Digital Color Images,”, International Journal of Information and Education Technology1(2) (2011), 1168–1174.
19.
HuangJen-Fa, MengSheng-Hui, LinYing-Chen, ChenKai-Sheng and HuangAn-Chi, “Using Wavelength/Time Signature Scrambling to Realize Cryptographic Coded-WDM Data Network,”, Procedia Computer Science34 (2014)39–46.
20.
HuangJen-Fa, MengSheng-Hui and LinYing-Chen, “Securing optical code-division multiple-access networks with a postswitching coding scheme of signature reconfiguration,”, Optical Engineering53(11) 115101, (2014), 116101–116110.
21.
ChangYao-Tang and LinYih-Chuan, “Dynamic Reconfigurable Encryption and Decryption with Chaos/M-Sequence Mapping Algorithm for Secure H.264/AVC Video Streaming over OCDMA Passive Optical Network,”, Multimedia Tools and Application75(16) (2016), 9837–9859.
22.
WuB.B. and NarimanovE.E., “A method for secure communications over a public fiber-optical network,”, Optics Express14(9) (2006), 3738–3751.
23.
TsengS.P. and WuJ., “The SAC OCDMA PON with super perfect difference code,”, in IEEE International Conference on Communications, June 2011.
24.
ParkerM.C., CohenA.D. and MearsR.J., “Dynamic digital holographic wavelength filtering,”, Journal of Lightwave Technology16(7) (1998), 1259–1270.
25.
ChangY.T., LinY.C., ChenYu-Chang and WangWei-Siang, “Scrambling-based cryptography with a programmable SLM-based filter-triggered chaotic tent/hologram mapping algorithm for secure H.264/AVC video streaming over a WDM network,”, Multimedia Tools and Application, Published On Line76(23) (2017), 25421–25453.
26.
ChangY-T., LinY-C., ChenY-C., LiouY-T., (2017) Scrambling cryptography using programmable SLM Based filter for video streaming over a WDM network. In: BarnevaR, BrimkovVE, TavaresJMR (eds) Computational modeling of objects presented in images fundamentals, methods, and applications, LNCS, vol. 10149. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
27.
ChangYao-Tang, ChengHsu-Chih, LinYih-Chuan and ZhengYu-Xiang, “The Design and Implementation of Scrambling Wavelength Hopping with AWG Router and Optical Switch over Secure WDM Network,”, Proceedings of Engineering and Technology Innovation5 (2017), 07–12.
28.
WangY., OstermannJ., ZhangY.Q.Video Processing and Communications, Prentice Hall, 2001.
29.
SühringK., H.264/AVC Reference Software Group [On-line]. Available: http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/, Joint Model 12.2 (JM12.2), Jan. 2009.
