Substream-based P2P live streaming systems can achieve high performance according to multiple metrics, including distribution delay, system robustness and protocol overhead. However, the current division approach into substreams is not flexible and cannot be adaptive to dynamic network environments, which characterize the basic transport facilities for supporting P2P live streaming services. In this paper, we propose a virtual adaptive substream partition and scheduling protocol, namely VAStream, which can enforce substream partition or merge operation based on the current P2P network status. This protocol also presents properly crafted schemes to deal with the issues in complex network situation, and effectively makes use of peer resources. Comparing with other mechanisms, the simulation results show that VAStream can achieve low distribution delay, high chunk arrival ratio and good system robustness.
M.Castro, P.Druschel, A.-M.Kermarrecet al., SplitStream: High-bandwidth multicast in cooperative environments, in: Proceedings of 19th ACM SOSP’03, pp. 298–313.
2.
K.-H.K.Chan, S.-H.G.Chan and A.C.Begen, SPANC: Optimizing scheduling delay for peer-to-peer live streaming, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia12(7) (2010), 743–753.
3.
Y.-H.Chu, S.G.Rao and H.Zhang, A case for end system multicast, in: Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS, 2000.
4.
C.Feng, B.Li and B.Li, Understanding the performance gap between pull-based mesh streaming protocols and fundamental limits, in: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2009, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 19–25, 2009.
5.
R.Fortuna, E.Lenardi, M.Melliaet al., QoE in pull based P2P-TV systems: Overlay topology design tradeoffs, in: Tenth International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, Delft, The Netherlands, 2010, pp. 1–10.
6.
X.Hei, C.Liang, J.Liang, Y.Liu and K.W.Ross, A measurement study of a large-scale P2P IPTV system, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia9(8) (2007), 1672–1687.
7.
C.Hu, M.Chen, C.Xinget al., EUE principle of resource scheduling for live streaming systems underlying CDN-P2P hybrid architecture, Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications5(4) (2012), 312–322.
8.
C.Hu, M.Chen, C.Xinget al., Exploring the optimal substream scheduling and distribution mechanism for data-driven P2P media streaming, Computer Communications44 (2014), 14–25.
9.
J.Jannotti, D.K.Gifford, K.L.Johnson, M.F.Kaashoek and J.W.O’TooleJr., Overcast: Reliable multicasting with an overlay network, in: Proceedings of Operating Systems Design and Implementation, 2000, pp. 197–212.
10.
B.Li, S.Xie, Y.Quet al., Inside the new Coolstreaming: Principles, measurements and performance implications, in: IEEE INFOCOM’08, Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2008, pp. 1031–1039.
11.
Y.Liu, Delay bounds of chunk-based peer-to-peer video streaming, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking18(4) (2010), 1195–1206.
12.
Y.Liu, Y.Guo and C.Liang, A survey on peer-to-peer video streaming systems, Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications1(1) (2008), 18–28.
13.
Z.Liu, C.Wu, B.Li and S.Zhao, UUSee: Large-scale operational on-demand streaming with random network coding, in: IEEE INFOCOM 2010.
14.
J.Luo, Practical algorithm for minimum delay peer-to-peer media streaming, in: IEEE ICME 2010.
15.
N.Magharei and R.Rejaie, PRIME: Peer-to-peer receiver-driven mesh-based streaming, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking17(4) (2009), 1052–1065.
16.
N.Magharei, R.Rejaie and Y.Guo, Mesh or multiple-tree: A comparative study of live P2P streaming approaches, in: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’07.
17.
A.Magnetto, R.Gaeta, M.Grangetto and M.Sereno, TURINstream: A Totally pUsh, Robust, and effIcieNt P2P video streaming architecture, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia12(8) (2010), 901–914.
18.
F.Palmieri, Percolation-based routing in the Internet, Journal of Systems and Software85(11) (2012), 2559–2573.
19.
F.Palmieri, Scalable service discovery in ubiquitous and pervasive computing architectures: A percolation-driven approach, Future Generation Computer Systems29(3) (2013), 693–703.
20.
A.H.Payberah, H.Kavalionak, V.Kumaresan, A.Montresor and S.Haridi, CLive: Cloud-assisted P2P live streaming, in: IEEE P2P 2012.
21.
Peer-to-peer streaming simulator, available at: http://media.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/~zhangm/download/.
22.
PPLive [EB/OL], available at: http://www.pptv.com.
23.
V.Venkataraman and P.Francis, Chunkyspread: Multi-tree unstructured end system multicast, in: IEEE ICNP 2006, Santa Babara, USA, 2006.
24.
F.Wang, J.Liu and M.Chen, CALMS: Cloud-Assisted Live Media Streaming for globalized demands with time/region diversities, in: IEEE INFOCOM 2012.
25.
F.Wang, Y.Xiong and J.Liu, mTreebone: A collaborative tree-mesh overlay network for multicast video streaming, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems21(3) (2010), 379–392.
26.
D.Xu, S.S.Kulkarni, C.Rosenberget al., Analysis of a CDN-P2P hybrid architecture for cost-effective streaming media distribution, Multimedia Systems11(4) (2006), 383–399.
27.
H.Yin, X.Liu, T.Zhan, V.Sekar, F.Qiu, C.Lin, H.Zhang and B.Li, LiveSky: Enhancing CDN with P2P, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications6(3) (2010), Article 16.
28.
M.Zhang, Q.Zhang and S.Yang, Understanding the power of pull-based streaming protocol: Can we do better?, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications25(9) (2007), 1678–1694.
29.
M.Zhang, L.Zhao, Y.Tang, J.Luo and S.Yang, Large-scale live media streaming over peer-to-peer networks through global Internet, in: ACM Workshop on Advances in Peer-to-Peer Multimedia Streaming (P2PMMS), Singapore, November 2005, pp. 21–28.
30.
X.Zhang, J.Liu, B.Liet al., Coolstreaming/DONet: A data-driven overlay network for efficient live media streaming, in: IEEE INFOCOM, Miami, USA, 2005, pp. 2102–2111.
