Anthocyanins are plant pigments widely present in fruits and vegetables that exert health benefits as part of human diet. They exist in not glycosylated forms (anthocyanidins) and glycosylated forms. Anthocyanins have been studied for their ability to inhibit polysaccharide metabolism enzymes (such as α-glucosidase) and, therefore, attenuate hyperglycemia and modulate type II diabetes. The aim of the present work was to compare the inhibitory activity of anthocyanins with that of acarbose, a common α-glucosidase inhibitor, by evaluating IC50 and Km, to compare the inhibitory capabilities among different compounds in an in vitro study. Our results showed that most of the anthocyanins studied presented lower IC50 values than acarbose; only Pn-3-glc presented IC50 value close to acarbose. Moreover, there was no difference in Km between complete competitive and complete non-competitive types of inhibition (T-test, p > 0.05). In conclusion, the anthocyanins and their degradation products work together on attenuating abilities of this sugar metabolism key enzyme, throughout competitive and non-competitive modes.
MelmedS, PolonskyKSL, ReedP. Williams textbook of endocrinology, In:
KronenbergHM
editor. Health sciences. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016. pp. 1371–435.
2.
TundisR, LoizzoM, MenichiniF. Natural products as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors and their hypoglycaemic potential in the treatment of diabetes: An update. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2010;10(4):315–31.
3.
Van De LaarFA, LucassenPL, AkkermansRP, Van De LisdonkEH, RuttenGE, Van WeelC. Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(1):154–63.
4.
KumarS, NarwalS, KumarV, PrakashO. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A natural approach to treat diabetes. Phcog Rev. 2011;5(9):19.
5.
GiampieriF, Alvarez-SuarezJM, CorderoMD, GasparriniM, Forbes-HernandezTY, AfrinSet al., Strawberry consumption improves aging-associated impairments, mitochondrial biogenesis and functionality through the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Food Chem. 2017;234:464–71.
6.
KrestyLA, MallerySR, StonerGD. Black raspberries in cancer clinical trials: Past, present and future. J Berry Res. 2016;6(2):251–61.
7.
PanP, SkaerC, YuJ, ZhaoH, RenH, OshimaKet al.Berries and other natural products in pancreatic cancer chemoprevention in human clinical trials. J Berry Res. 2017;7(3):147–61.
8.
Burton-FreemanB. Postprandial metabolic events and fruit-derived phenolics: A review of the science. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(S3):S1–S14.
9.
Burton-FreemanB, LinaresA, HysonD, KappagodaT. Strawberry modulates LDL oxidation and postprandial lipemia in response to high-fat meal in overweight hyperlipidemic men and women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010;29(1):46–54.
10.
Bowen-ForbesCS, ZhangY, NairMG. Anthocyanin content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of blackberry and raspberry fruits. J Food Composition Anal. 2010;23(6):554–60.
11.
ZhuY, LingW, GuoH, SongF, YeQ, ZouTet alAnti-inflammatory effect of purified dietary anthocyanin in adults with hypercholesterolemia: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(9):843–9.
12.
Alvarez-SuarezJM, GiampieriF, TulipaniS, CasoliT, Di StefanoG, González-ParamásAMet alOne-month strawberry-rich anthocyanin supplementation ameliorates cardiovascular risk, oxidative stress markers and platelet activation in humans. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25(3):289–94.
13.
CassidyA, RogersG, PetersonJJ, DwyerJT, LinH, JacquesPF. Higher dietary anthocyanin and flavonol intakes are associated with anti-inflammatory effects in a population of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(1):172–81.
14.
CiprianoP, KimH, Mertens-TalcottS, TalcottS. Polyphenolic compounds of purple sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) show anti-inflammatory effects in colon myofribroblast CCD-18Co cells. FASEB J. 2015;29(1 Supplement):390.2.
15.
EdirisingheI, BanaszewskiK, CappozzoJ, SandhyaK, EllisCL, TadapaneniRet al.Strawberry anthocyanin and its association with postprandial inflammation and insulin. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(06):913–22.
16.
HuangY, ParkE, EdirisingheI, Burton-FreemanBM. Maximizing the health effects of strawberry anthocyanins: Understanding the influence of the consumption timing variable. Food Funct. 2016;7(12):4745–52.
17.
KayCD, HolubBJ. The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on postprandial serum antioxidant status in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2002;88(4):389–97.
18.
MazzaG, KayCD, CottrellT, HolubBJ. Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum Antioxidant Status in Human Subjects. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(26):7731–7.
19.
SchellJ, BettsNM, FosterM, ScofieldRH, BasuA. Cranberries improve postprandial glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes. Food Funct. 2017;8(9):3083–90.
20.
UrquiagaI, ÁvilaF, EcheverriaG, PerezD, TrejoS, LeightonF. A Chilean berry concentrate protects against postprandial oxidative stress and increases plasma antioxidant activity in healthy humans. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017; 2017.
21.
KimYM, WangMH, RheeHI. A novel α-glucosidase inhibitor from pine bark. Carbohydr Res. 2004;339(3):715–7.
22.
WehmeierU, PiepersbergW. Biotechnology and molecular biology of the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004;63(6):613–25.
23.
FrantzS, CalvilloL, TillmannsJ, ElbingI, DieneschC, BischoffHet alRepetitive postprandial hyperglycemia increases cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury: Prevention by the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose. FASEB J. 2005;19(6):591–3.
24.
FujisawaT, IkegamiH, InoueK, KawabataY, OgiharaT. Effect of two α-glucosidase inhibitors, voglibose and acarbose, on postprandial hyperglycemia correlates with subjective abdominal symptoms. Metabolism. 2005;54(3):387–90.
25.
PriorRL, WuX. Anthocyanins: Structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities. Free Radic Res. 2009.
ChapdelaineP, TremblayRR, DubéJY. P-Nitrophenol-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as substrate for measurement of maltase activity in human semen. Clin Chem. 1978;24(2):208–11.
28.
GowriPM, TiwariAK, AliAZ, RaoJM. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and amylase by bartogenic acid isolated from Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. seeds. Phytother Res. 2007;21(8):796–9.
National Center for Biotechnology Information [homepage on the Internet]. Mechanism of action assays for enzymes, 2012 [Published: May 1, 2012; updated 1 Oct 2012]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92001/.
HarborneJBA phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis3rd Eds. Netherlands: Springer; 1998, pp. 97–99..
33.
Castañeda-OvandoA, Pacheco-HernándezM, Páez-HernándezME, RodríguezJA, Galán-VidalCA. Chemical studies of anthocyanins: A review. Food Chem. 2009;113(4):859–71.
34.
MarkakisP. Stability of anthocyanins in food. In
MarkakisP
editors. Anthocyanins as food colors. New York: Academic press; 1982, pp. 167–169.
35.
SeoWD, KimJH, KangJE, RyuHW, Curtis-LongMJ, LeeHSet alSulfonamide chalcone as a new class of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005;15(24):5514–6.
36.
MazzoniL, Perez-LopezP, GiampieriF, Alvarez-SuarezJM, GasparriniM, Forbes-HernandezTYet alThe genetic aspects of berries: From field to health. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;96(2):365–71.
37.
Klimis-ZacasD, VendrameS, KristoAS. Wild blueberries attenuate risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. J Berry Res. 2016;6(2):225–36.
38.
BolhassaniA, KhavariA, BathaieSZ. Saffron and natural carotenoids: Biochemical activities and anti-tumor effects. BBA-Rev Cancer. 2014;1845120–30.
39.
DingB, LvY, ZhangYQ. Anti-tumor effect of morusin from the branch bark of cultivated mulberry in Bel-7402 cells via the MAPK pathway. RSC Adv. 2016;6(21):17396–404.
40.
RiazM, Zia-Ul-HaqM, SaadBAnthocyanins and human health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspects. In
HartelR.
Springer Briefs in food, health, and nutrition. Springer International Publishing; 2016. pp. 109–123.
41.
ZhaoJG, YanQQ, LuLZ, ZhangYQ. In vivo antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-tumor activities of anthocyanin extracts from purple sweet potato. Nutr Res Pract. 2013;7(5):359–65.
EntezariM, TabatabaeiZG, AzariounA, SarabianS, FarahaniGT. In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes with phenolic extracts. Biomaterials. 2015;2(1-4):17–23.
44.
SilvánJM, MingoE, HidalgoM, de Pascual-TeresaS, CarrascosaAV, Martinez-RodriguezAJ. Antibacterial activity of a grape seed extract and its fractions against Campylobacter spp. Food Control. 2013;29(1):25–31.
45.
ThabitRAS, ChengXR, TangX, SunJ, ShiYH, LeGW. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015;28(1):129–34.
46.
LiD, WangP, LuoY, ZhaoM, ChenF. Health benefits of anthocyanins and molecular mechanisms: Update from recent decade. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(8):1729–41.
47.
TsudaT. Recent progress in anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effect of berries. Antioxidants. 2016;5(2):13.
AdamsJ. Thermal degradation of anthocyanins with particular reference to the 3-glycosides of cyanidin I in acidified aqueous solution at 100° C. J Sci Food Agric. 1973;24(7):747–62.
