In France, most of the trains are electrical and some are fed by 1500 V DC voltage. When a train is traveling, the power consumption creates a voltage drop. Therefore, below a certain limit, the train has to slow down its speed. This limitation prevents the increase of traffic in some area that needs an electric reinforcement. This paper proposes to use embedded storage systems to support the voltage of the catenary. The main issue is how to size such an energy storage system? In this way, several aspects (e.g.: the energy management strategy) have to be taken into account. The paper deals with an optimization-based sizing method for the embedded energy storage systems. The proposed method takes into account the energy management strategy in the sizing by optimization. A comparison is made between the use of batteries or supercapacitors.
SNCF, Le TER en 2030, Rapport technique, SNCF Proximtés, 2008.
4.
OvalleA.PougetJ.BachaS.GerbaudL.VinotE. and SonierB., Energy storage sizing methodology for mass-transit direct-current wayside support: Application to French railway company case study, Applied Energy230 (2018), 1673–1684.
5.
DouglasH.RobertsC.HillmansenS. and SchmidF., An assessment of available measures to reduce traction energy use in railway networks, Energy Convers. Manage.106 (2015), 1149–1165.
6.
BossiO.PougetJ.RetiereN. and GerbaudL., Optimal power flow with storage in DC electrified railways, COMPEL: The Intertional Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering35 (2016), 885–897.
7.
PugiL.FrilliA.NoccioliniD. and RindiA., Development and validation of a model for the optimization of regenerative braking of high speed trains, in: IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 7–10 June, 2016, 2016.
8.
TianZ.HillmansenS.RobertsC.WestonP.ChenL.ZhaoN.ShuS. and XinT., Modeling and simulation of DC railway systems for energy saving, in: IEEE 17th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 8–11 October, 2014, 2014.
9.
FrilliA.MeliZ.NoccioliniD.PanconiS.PugiL. and RindiA., An extended library of models of railway vehicles for fast simulation and optimization of regenerative braking and energy management, in: AEIT International Annual Conference, 5–7 October, 2016, 2016.
10.
DesjouisB.RemyG.OssartF.MarchandC.BigeonJ. and SourdilleE., A new generic problem formulation dedicated to electrified railway systems, in: 2015 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles, 3–5 March, 2015, 2015.
11.
JabrR.A. and DzaficI., Solution of DC railway traction power flow systems including limited network receptivity, in: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017, pp. 1–1.
12.
BossiO., Contribution au dimensionnement et à la gestion par optimisation de systèmes de stockage d’énergie pour les réseaux électriques ferroviaires, Thèse en Génie électrique, COMUE, Grenoble, 2016.
13.
BertsekasD.P., Dynamic Programming Optimal Control, 4th edn, Massachusetts Institute of Technoloy, Cambridge: Athena Scientific, 2017.
14.
SchönC. and KönigE., A stochastic dynamic programming approach for delay management of a single train line, European Journal of Operational Research271 (2018), 501–518.
15.
NodaY. and MiyatakeM., Methodology to apply dynamic programming to the energy-efficient driving technique of lithium-ion battery trains, in: 2016 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), 2–4 November, 2016, 2016.
16.
PontryaginL.S., Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes, CRC Press, 1987.
17.
ZengT.UpadhyayD. and ZhuG., Linear quadratic air-path control for diesel engines with regenerative and assisted turbocharger, in: IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control, 12–15 December, 2017, 2017.
18.
AllouiH.KhouchaF.RizougN.BenbouzidM. and KelouiA., Comparative study between rule-based and frequency separation energy management strategies within fuel-cell/battery electric vehicle, in: IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, 13 July, 2017, 2017.
19.
HemiH.GhouiliJ. and CheritiA., A real time energy management for electrical vehicle using combination of rule-based and ECMS, in: IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference, 08 May, 2014, 2014.
20.
Technical Committee CLC/TC 9X, Railway applications – Fixed installations – Requirements for the validation of simulation tools used for the design of traction power supply systems, Paris, 2016.
21.
DelinchantB.LahayeD.WurtzF. and CoulombJ.-L., Manifold mapping optimization with or without true gradients, Mathematics and Computers Simulation90 (2013), 256–265.
