Sex Differences in the Association Between Body Mass Index and Dementia Risk in Community-Dwelling Japanese People Aged 40–74 Years

Abstract

Background:

The association between body mass index (BMI) and dementia risk is heterogeneous across age groups and might be influenced by sex.

Objective:

This study aimed to clarify sex differences in the association between BMI and dementia risk in community-dwelling people.

Methods:

This cohort study with an 8-year follow-up targeted 13,802 participants aged 40–74 years at baseline in 2011–2013. A self-administered questionnaire requested information on body size, including height, weight, and waist circumference (the values of which were validated by direct measurement), socio-demographics, lifestyle, and disease history. BMI was calculated and categorized as < 18.5 (underweight), 18.5–20.6 (low-normal), 20.7–22.6 (mid-normal), 22.7–24.9 (high-normal), 25.0–29.9 (overweight), and≥30.0 kg/m² (obese). Incident cases of dementia were obtained from the long-term care insurance database. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs).

Results:

The mean age of participants was 59.0 years. In men, higher BMI was associated with lower dementia risk (fully-adjusted p for trend = 0.0086). In women, the association between BMI and dementia risk was U-shaped; the “underweight,” “low-normal,” and “overweight” groups had a significantly higher risk (fully-adjusted HR = 2.12, 2.08, and 1.78, respectively) than the reference (“high-normal” group). These findings did not change after excluding dementia cases which occurred within the first four years of the follow-up period.

Conclusion:

Overweight/obese women, but not men, had an increased risk of dementia, suggesting that sex differences in adiposity might be involved in the development of dementia.