Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity of Cognitive Tests for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 1
Restricted accessReview articleFirst published online August 29, 2023
Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity of Cognitive Tests for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 1
Improved health care for people with Down syndrome (DS) has resulted in an increase in
their life expectancy therefore increasing comorbidities associated with age-related
problems in this population, the most frequent being Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To date,
several cognitive tests have been developed to evaluate cognitive changes related to the
development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD in people with DS.
Objective:
Identify and evaluate available cognitive tests for the diagnosis of MCI and AD in
people with DS.
Methods:
A systematic search of the Pubmed and PsycInfo databases was performed to identify
articles published from January 1, 2000 and July 1, 2022. Keysearch terms were DS, AD or
MCI, cognition, and assessment. Relevant studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of
cognitive tests for AD or MCI with standard clinical evaluation were extracted. Risk of
bias was assessed using the QUADAS 2.
Results:
We identified 15 batteries, 2 intelligence scales, 14 memory tests, 11 executive,
functioning tests, 11 motor and visuospatial functioning tests, 5 language tests, 3
attention tests, and 2 orientation tests. Analysis showed that the CAMCOG-DS present a
fair to excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting AD in patients with DS. However, for
the diagnosis of MCI, this battery showed poor to good diagnostic accuracy.
Conclusion:
The findings highlight important limitations of the current assessment available for
the screening of mild cognitive impairment and AD in patients with DS and support the
need for more clinical trials to ensure better screening for this highly at-risk
population.
KorenbergJR, KawashimaH, PulstSM, IkeuchiT, OgasawaraN, YamamotoK, SchonbergSA, WestR,
AllenL, MagenisE, IkawaK,
TaniguchiN, EpsteinCJ
(1990) Molecular definition of a region of chromosome 21
that causes features of the Down syndrome phenotype. Am J Hum
Genet47, 236–246.
5.
WisemanFK, Al-JanabiT, HardyJ,
Karmiloff-SmithA,
NizeticD, TybulewiczVL, FisherEM, StrydomA
(2015) A genetic cause of Alzheimer disease: Mechanistic
insights from Down syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci16, 564–574.
FirthNC, StartinCM, HithersayR, HamburgS, WijeratnePA, MokKY,
HardyJ, AlexanderDC;
LonDownS Consortium, StrydomA
(2018) Aging related cognitive changes associated with
Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis5, 741–751.
12.
AlbertMS, DeKoskyST, DicksonD, DuboisB, FeldmanHH, FoxNC,
GamstA, HoltzmanDM, JagustWJ, PetersenRC, SnyderPJ, CarrilloMC, ThiesB,
PhelpsCH
(2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to
Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s
Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimers Dement7, 270–279.
13.
FonsecaLM, MattarGP, HaddadGG, GoncalvesAS, MiguelA, GuilhotoLM, ZamanS,
HollandAJ, BottinoC, HoexterMQ
(2019) Frontal-subcortical behaviors during Alzheimer’s
disease in individuals with Down syndrome. Neurobiol
Aging78, 186–194.
14.
Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
DevennyDA, SilvermanWP
(2002) Changes in explicit memory associated with early
dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil
Res46, 198–208.
15.
McKhannGM, KnopmanDS, ChertkowH, HymanBT, JackCR
Jr, KawasCH, KlunkWE, KoroshetzWJ, ManlyJJ, MayeuxR, MohsRC,
MorrisJC, RossorMN, ScheltensP, CarrilloMC, ThiesB,
WeintraubS, PhelpsCH
(2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease:
Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups
on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers
Dement7, 263–269.
16.
HaxbyJV (1989)
Neuropsychological evaluation of adults with Down’s syndrome: Patterns of
selective impairment in non-demented old adults. J Ment Defic
Res33, 193–210.
17.
HonJ, HuppertFA, HollandAJ, WatsonP
(1999) Neuropsychological assessment of older adults with
Down’s syndrome: An epidemiological study using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination
(CAMCOG). Br J Clin Psychol38, 155–165.
18.
ZengX, ZhangY,
KwongJS, ZhangC,
LiS, SunF,
NiuY, DuL
(2015) The methodological quality assessment tools for
preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical
practice guideline: A systematic review. J Evid Based
Med8, 2–10.
19.
ReitsmaJ
B, GlasAS, RutjesAW, ScholtenRJ, BossuytPM, ZwindermanAH
(2005) Bivariate analysis of sensitivity and specificity
produces informative summary measures in diagnostic reviews. J
Clin Epidemiol58, 982–990.
SinaiA, HassiotisA, RantellK, StrydomA
(2016) Assessing specific cognitive deficits associated with
dementia in older adults with Down syndrome: Use and validity of the Arizona Cognitive
Test Battery (ACTB). PloS One11, e0153917.
22.
TyrrellJ, CosgraveM, McCarronM, McPhersonJ, CalvertJ, KellyA,
McLaughlinM, GillM,
LawlorBA
(2001) Dementia in people with Down’s
syndrome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry16, 1168–1174.
23.
SchupfN, PangD,
PatelB, SilvermanW, SchubertR, LaiF,
KlineJ, SternY,
FerinM, TyckoB,
MayeuxR (2003)
Onset of dementia isassociated with age at menopause in women with Down’s
syndrome. Ann Neurol54, 433–438.
24.
WalshDM, DoranE,
SilvermanW, TournayA, MovsesyanN, LottIT
(2015) Rapid assessment of cognitive function in down
syndrome across intellectual level and dementia status. J
Intellect Disabil Res59, 1071–1079.
25.
IulitaMF, OwerA,
BaroneC, PentzR,
GubertP, RomanoC, CantarellaRA, EliaF,
BuonoS, RecuperoM, RomanoC, CastellanoS, BoscoP,
Di
NuovoS, DragoF,
CaraciF, CuelloAC
(2016) An inflammatory and trophic disconnect biomarker
profile revealed in Down syndrome plasma: Relation to cognitive decline and longitudinal
evaluation. Alzheimers Dement12, 1132–1148.
26.
BallSL, HollandAJ, TreppnerP, WatsonPC, HuppertFA
(2008) Executive dysfunction and its association with
personality and behaviour changes in the development of Alzheimer’s disease in adults
with Down syndrome and mild to moderate learning disabilities.
Br J Clin Psychol47, 1–29.
27.
HeadE, DoranE,
NistorM, HillM,
SchmittFA, HaierRJ, LottIT
(2011) Plasma amyloid-β as a function of age, level of
intellectual disability, and presence of dementia in Down syndrome.
J Alzheimers Dis23, 399–409.
28.
PowellD, Caban-HoltA, JichaG,
RobertsonW, DavisR,
GoldBT, SchmittFA, HeadE
(2014) Frontal white matter integrity in adults with Down
syndrome with and without dementia. Neurobiol Aging35, 1562–1569.
29.
LinAL, PowellD, Caban-HoltA, JichaG,
RobertsonW, GoldBT,
DavisR, AbnerE,
WilcockDM, SchmittFA, HeadE
(2016) H-MRS metabolites in adults with Down syndrome:
Effects of dementia. Neuroimage Clin11, 728–735.
30.
KoehlL, HarpJ,
Van
PeltKL, HeadE,
SchmittFA
(2020) Longitudinal assessment of dementia measures in Down
syndrome. Alzheimers Dement (Amst)12, e12075.
31.
Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
ZigmanWB, LeeJH,
SchupfN, PangD,
ListwanT, KovacsC, SilvermanW
(2020) Promising outcome measures of early Alzheimer’s
dementia in adults with Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement
(Amst)12, e12044.
32.
HarpJP, KoehlLM, PeltK,
HomCL, DoranE,
HeadE, LottIT,
SchmittFA
(2021) Cognitive and behavioral domains that reliably
differentiate normal aging and dementia in Down syndrome. Brain
Sci11, 1128.
33.
WallaceER, HarpJP,
Van
PeltKL, KoehlLM, Caban-HoltAM, Anderson-MooneyAJ,
JichaGA, LightnerDD, RobertsonWC, HeadE,
SchmittFA
(2021) Identifying dementia in Down syndrome with the Severe
Impairment Battery, Brief Praxis Test and Dementia Scale for people with learning
disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res65, 1085–1096.
34.
DiProsperoND,
KeatorDB, PhelanM, van
ErpTGM, DoranE,
PowellDK, Van
PeltKL, SchmittFA, HeadE,
LottIT, YassaMA
(2022) Selective impairment of long-range default mode
network functional connectivity as a biomarker for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease in
people with Down syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis85, 153–165.
35.
McCarronM, GillM,
LawlorB, BeaglyC
(2002) A pilot study of the reliability and validity of the
Caregiver Activity Survey - Intellectual Disability (CAS-ID). J
Intellect Disabil Res46, 605–612.
36.
SchupfN, PatelB,
PangD, ZigmanWB, SilvermanW, MehtaPD, MayeuxR
(2007) Elevated plasma beta-amyloid peptide Abeta(42)
levels, incident dementia, and mortality in Down syndrome. Arch
Neurol64, 1007–1013.
37.
ZigmanWB, SchupfN, JenkinsEC, UrvTK,
TyckoB, SilvermanW
(2007) Cholesterol level, statin use and Alzheimer’s disease
in adults with Down syndrome. Neurosci Lett416, 279–284.
38.
SchupfN, LeeJH,
WeiM, PangD,
ChaceC, ChengR,
ZigmanWB, TyckoB,
SilvermanW
(2008) Estrogen receptor-alpha variants increase risk of
Alzheimer’s disease in women with Down syndrome. Dement Geriatr
Cogn Disord25, 476–482.
39.
ChaceC, PangD,
WengC, TemkinA, LaxS,
SilvermanW, ZigmanW, FerinM,
LeeJH, TyckoB,
SchupfN (2012)
Variants in CYP17 and CYP19 cytochrome P450 genes are associated with
onset of Alzheimer’s disease in women with down syndrome. J
Alzheimers Dis28, 601–612.
40.
CodyKA, Piro-GambettiB,
ZammitMD, ChristianBT, HandenBL, KlunkWE, ZamanS,
JohnsonSC, PlanteDT, HartleySL
(2020) Association of sleep with cognition and beta amyloid
accumulation in adults with Down syndrome. Neurobiol
Aging93, 44–51.
41.
McCarronM, McCallionP, ReillyE, MulryanN
(2014) A prospective 14-year longitudinal follow-up of
dementia in persons with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil
Res58, 61–70.
42.
HartleySL, HandenBL, DevennyD, TudorascuD, Piro-GambettiB,
ZammitMD, LaymonCM, KlunkWE, ZamanS,
CohenA, ChristianBT
(2020) Cognitive indicators of transition to preclinical and
prodromal stages of Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome.
Alzheimers Dement (Amst)12, e12096.
43.
HensonRL, DoranE,
ChristianBT, HandenBL, KlunkWE, LaiF,
LeeJH, RosasHD, SchupfN, ZamanSH, LottIT,
FaganAM (2020)
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in a cohort of
adults with Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement (Amst)12, e12057.
44.
RosasHD, HsuE,
MercaldoND, LaiF,
PulsiferM, KeatorD, BrickmanAM, PriceJ,
YassaM, HomC,
Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
SilvermanW, LottI,
SchupfN (2020)
Alzheimer-related altered white matter microstructural integrity in Down
syndrome: A model for sporadic AD?Alzheimers Dement (Amst)12, e12040.
45.
BazydloA, ZammitM, WuM,
DeanD, JohnsonS, TudorascuD, CohenA,
CodyK, AncesB,
LaymonC, KlunkW,
ZamanS, HandenB, AlexanderA, ChristianB, HartleyS
(2021) White matter microstructure associations with episodic
memory in adults with Down syndrome: A tract-based spatial statistics
study. J Neurodev Disord13, 17.
46.
FlemingV, Piro-GambettiB,
PatrickA, ZammitM, AlexanderA, ChristianBT, HandenB, CohenA,
KlunkW, LaymonC, AncesBM, PlanteDT, OkonkwoO, HartleySL
(2021) Physical activity and cognitive and imaging
biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in down syndrome. Neurobiol
Aging107, 118–127.
47.
HithersayR, BakshRA, StartinCM, WijeratneP, HamburgS, CarterB; LonDownS
Consortium; Strydom A (2021) Optimal age and
outcome measures for Alzheimer’s disease prevention trials in people with Down
syndrome. Alzheimers Dement17, 595–604.
48.
HomCL, KirbyK
A, Ricks-OddieJ,
KeatorDB, Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
PulsiferMB, RosasHD, LaiF,
SchupfN, LottIT,
SilvermanW
(2021) Cognitive function during the prodromal stage of
Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome: Comparing models. Brain
Sci11, 1220.
49.
SilvermanW, Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
LaiF, Diana
RosasH, HomC,
DoranE, PulsiferM, LottI,
SchupfN;
Alzheimer’s Disease in Down Syndrome (ADDS) Consortium
(2021) Evaluation of the National Task Group-Early Detection
Screen for Dementia: Sensitivity to ‘mild cognitive impairment’ in adults with Down
syndrome. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil34, 905–915.
BrownS, MakE,
ClareI, GrigorovaM, Beresford-WebbJ,
WalpertM, JonesE,
HongYT, FryerTD, ColesJP, AigbirhioFI, TudorascuD, CohenA,
ChristianBT, HandenBL, KlunkWE, MenonDK, NestorPJ, HollandAJ, ZamanSH
(2022) Support vector machine learning and diffusion-derived
structural networks predict amyloid quantity and cognition in adults with Down’s
syndrome. Neurobiol Aging115, 112–121.
52.
GrigorovaM, MakE,
BrownSSG, Beresford-WebbJ,
HongYT, FryerTD, ColesJP, AigbirhioFI, TudorascuD, CohenA,
ChristianBT, AncesB,
HandenBL, LaymonCM, KlunkWE, ClareICH, HollandAJ, ZamanSH
(2022) Amyloid-β and tau deposition influences cognitive and
functional decline in Down syndrome. Neurobiol Aging119, 36–45.
53.
JanelidzeS, ChristianBT, PriceJ,
LaymonC, SchupfN, KlunkWE, LottI,
SilvermanW, RosasHD, ZamanS,
MapstoneM, LaiF,
AncesBM, HandenBL, HanssonO
(2022) Detection of brain tau pathology in Down syndrome using
plasma biomarkers. JAMA Neurol79, 797–807.
54.
BallSL, HollandAJ, HuppertFA, TreppnerP, WatsonP, HonJ
(2004) The modified CAMDEX informant interview is a valid
and reliable tool for use in the diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down’s
syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res48, 611–620.
55.
BallSL, HollandAJ, HonJ,
HuppertFA, TreppnerP, WatsonPC
(2006) Personality and behaviour changes mark the early stages
of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down’s syndrome: Findings from a prospective
population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry21, 661–673.
56.
BenejamB, VidelaL, VilaplanaE, BarroetaI, Carmona-IraguiM,
AltunaM, ValldeneuS, FernandezS, GiménezS, IulitaF, GarzónD, BejaninA, Bartrés-FazD, VidelaS, AlcoleaD, BlesaR,
LleóA, ForteaJ
(2020) Diagnosis of prodromal andAlzheimer’s disease
dementia in adults with Down syndrome usingneuropsychological tests.
Alzheimers Dement (Amst)12, e12047.
57.
Esteba-CastilloS,
Dalmau-BuenoA,
Ribas-VidalN,
Vilà-AlsinaM,
Novell-AlsinaR,
García-AlbaJ
(2013) [Adaptation and validationof CAMDEX-DS (Cambridge
Examination for Mental Disorders of OlderPeople with Down’s Syndrome and others with
intellectualdisabilities) in Spanish population with intellectual
disabilities.]. Rev Neurol57, 337–346.
58.
BeacherF, DalyE,
SimmonsA, PrasherV, MorrisR, RobinsonC, LovestoneS, MurphyK, MurphyDG
(2009) Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome: An in
vivo MRI study. Psychol Med39, 675–684.
59.
MullinsD, DalyE,
SimmonsA, BeacherF, FoyCM,
LovestoneS, HallahanB, MurphyKC, MurphyDG
(2013) Dementia in Down’s syndrome: An MRI comparison with
Alzheimer’s disease in the general population. J Neurodev
Disord5, 19.
60.
AnnusT, WilsonLR, HongYT,
Acosta-CabroneroJ,
FryerTD, Cardenas-BlancoA,
SmithR, BorosI,
ColesJP, AigbirhioFI, MenonDK, ZamanSH, NestorPJ, HollandAJ
(2016) The pattern of amyloid accumulation in the brains of
adults with Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement12, 538–545.
61.
ForteaJ, Carmona-IraguiM,
BenejamB, FernándezS, VidelaL, BarroetaI, AlcoleaD, PeguerolesJ, MuñozL,
BelbinO, de
LeonMJ, MaceskiAM, HirtzC,
ClarimónJ, VidelaS, DelabyC, LehmannS, BlesaR,
LleóA (2018)
Plasma and CSF biomarkers for thediagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease in
adults with Down syndrome: Across-sectional study. Lancet
Neurol17, 860–869.
62.
FonsecaLM, HaddadGG, MattarGP, OliveiraMC, SimonSS, GuilhotoLM, BusattoGF, ZamanS,
HollandAJ, HoexterMQ, BottinoCM
(2019) The validity and reliability of the CAMDEX-DS for
assessing dementia in adults with Down syndrome in Brazil. Braz
J Psychiatry41, 225–233.
63.
FonsecaLM, MattarGP, HaddadGG, BurduliE, McPhersonSM, GuilhotoLMFF, YassudaMS, BusattoGF, BottinoCMC, HoexterMQ, ChaytorNS
(2021) Neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in
down syndrome and its impact on caregiver distress. J Alzheimers
Dis81, 137–154.
64.
LleóA, Carmona-IraguiM,
VidelaL, FernándezS, BenejamB, PeguerolesJ, BarroetaI, AltunaM, ValldeneuS, XiaoMF,
XuD, Núñez-LlavesR, Querol-VilasecaM,
SirisiS, BejaninA, IulitaMF, ClarimónJ, BlesaR,
WorleyP, AlcoleaD, ForteaJ, BelbinO
(2021) VAMP-2 is a surrogate cerebrospinal fluid marker
ofAlzheimer-related cognitive impairment in adults with Down syndrome.
Alzheimers Res Ther13, 119.
IulitaMF, BejaninA, VilaplanaE, Carmona-IraguiM,
BenejamB, VidelaL, BarroetaI, FernándezS, AltunaM, PeguerolesJ, MontalV, ValldeneuS, GiménezS, González-OrtizS,
TorresS, El Bounasri El
BennadiS, PadillaC, Rozalem
AranhaM, EstellésT, Illán-GalaI, BelbinO, Valle-TamayoN, CamachoV, BlessingE, OsorioRS, VidelaS, LehmannS, HollandAJ, ZetterbergH, BlennowK, AlcoleaD, ClarimónJ, ZamanSH, BlesaR,
LleóA, ForteaJ
(2023) Association of biological sex withclinical outcomes
and biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in adultswith Down syndrome.
Brain Commun5, fcad074.
70.
VidelaL, BenejamB, Carmona-IraguiM,
BarroetaI, FernándezS, ArranzJ, AzzahchiS
E, AltunaM, PadillaC, ValldeneuS, PeguerolesJ, MontalV, AranhaMR, Vaqué-AlcázarL,
IulitaMF, AlcoleaD, BejaninA, VidelaS, BlesaR,
LleóA, ForteaJ
(2023) Cross-sectional versus longitudinal cognitive assessments for the diagnosis of
symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome. Alzheimers
Dement, doi: 10.1002/alz.13073.
71.
Rozalem
AranhaM, IulitaMF, MontalV, PeguerolesJ, BejaninA, Vaqué-AlcázarL,
GrotheMJ, Carmona-IraguiM,
VidelaL, BenejamB, ArranzJ, PadillaC, ValldeneuS, BarroetaI, AltunaM, FernándezS, RibasL,
Valle-TamayoN,
AlcoleaD, González-OrtizS,
BargallóN, ZetterbergH, BlennowK, BlesaR,
WisniewskiT, BusciglioJ, CuelloAC, LleóA,
ForteaJ (2023) Basal
forebrain atrophy along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in adults with Down syndrome.
Alzheimers Dement, doi: 10.1002/alz.12999.
72.
Rodríguez-HidalgoE,
García-AlbaJ,
NovellR, Esteba-CastilloS
(2023) The Global Deterioration Scale for Down Syndrome
Population (GDS-DS): A rating scale to assess the progression of Alzheimer’s
disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health20, 5096.
73.
HanneyM, PrasherV, WilliamsN, JonesEL, AarslandD, CorbettA, LawrenceD, YuLM,
TyrerS, FrancisPT, JohnsonT, BullockR, BallardC; MEADOWS
trial researchers (2012) Memantine for dementia in
adults older than 40 years with Down’s syndrome (MEADOWS): A randomised, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial. Lancet379, 528–536.
74.
García-AlbaJ,
Ramírez-TorañoF,
Esteba-CastilloS,
BruñaR, MoldenhauerF, NovellR, Romero-MedinaV,
MaestúF, FernándezA
(2019) Neuropsychological and
neurophysiologicalcharacterization of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’sdisease
in Down syndrome. Neurobiol Aging84, 70–79.
75.
BejaninA, IulitaMF, VilaplanaE, Carmona-IraguiM,
BenejamB, VidelaL, BarroetaI, FernandezS, AltunaM, PeguerolesJ, MontalV, ValldeneuS, GiménezS, González-OrtizS,
MuñozL, PadillaC, AranhaMR, EstellésT, Illán-GalaI, BelbinO, CamachoV, WilsonLR, AnnusT,
OsorioRS, VidelaS, LehmannS, HollandAJ, ZetterbergH, BlennowK, AlcoleaD, ClarimonJ, ZamanSH, BlesaR,
LleóA, ForteaJ
(2021) Association of a polipoprotein E ɛ4 allele with
clinical and multimodal biomarker changes of Alzheimer disease in adults with down
syndrome. JAMA Neurol78, 937–947.
76.
Prado
MattarG, UchidaRR, HaddadGG, ShiozawaP, Reboucas da
SilvaMF, HoexterMQ, BusattoGF, de Campos
BottinC, FonsecaLM, ForlenzaOV
(2022) Screening for dementia and cognitive decline in
adults with Down syndrome: A novel approach using the Informant Questionnaire on
cognitive decline in the elderly. Alzheimer Dis Assoc
Disord36, 162–167.
77.
StartinCM, HamburgS, HithersayR, DaviesA, RodgerE, AggarwalN, Al-JanabiT, StrydomA
(2016) The LonDownS adult cognitive assessment to study
cognitive abilities and decline in Down syndrome. Wellcome Open
Res1, 11.
78.
PapeSE, Al
JanabiT, AshtoNJ, HyeA,
SheehanR, GallagherP, KnightB, PrinsAM, CourtenayK, JordanovaV, ThomasB, PerumalN, ForbesC, HassiotisA, StrydomA
(2021) The reliability and validity of DSM 5 diagnostic
criteria for neurocognitive disorder and relationship with plasma neurofilament light in
a down syndrome population. Sci Rep11, 13438.
79.
PalmerGA
(2006) Neuropsychological profiles of persons with mental
retardation and dementia. Res Dev Disabil27, 299–308.
80.
IaconoT, TorrJ,
WongHY (2010)
Relationships amongst age, language and related skills in adults with
Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil31, 568–576.
81.
Margallo-LanaML,
MoorePB, KayDW,
PerryRH, ReidBE,
BerneyTP, TyrerSP
(2007) Fifteen-year follow-up of 92 hospitalized adults with
Down’s syndrome: Incidence of cognitive decline, its relationship to age and
neuropathology. J Intellect Disabil Res51, 463–477.
82.
SanoM, AisenPS, AndrewHF, TsaiWY,
LaiF, DaltonAJ;
International Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium
(2016) Vitamin E in aging persons with Down syndrome: A
randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Neurology86, 2071–2076.
83.
DelabyC, AlcoleaD, Carmona-IraguiM,
Illán-GalaI, Morenas-RodríguezE,
BarroetaI, AltunaM, EstellésT, Santos-SantosM,
Turon-SansJ, MuñozL,
Ribosa-NoguéR,
Sala-MataveraI,
Sánchez-SaudinosB,
SubiranaA, VidelaL, BenejamB, SirisiS, LehmannS, BelbinO, ClarimonJ, BlesaR,
PagonabarragaJ,
Rojas-GarciaR,
ForteaJ, LleóA
(2020) Differential levels of neurofilament light protein in
cerebrospinalfluid in patients with a wide range of neurodegenerative
disorders. Sci Rep10, 9161.
84.
HarpJ, KoehlL,
Van
PeltK, HeadE,
JichaG, RobertsonW, LightnerD, LottI,
SchmittF
(2022) Primitive reflexes and dementia in adults with down
syndrome. Neurol Clin Pract12, 6–13.
85.
KuskeB, WolffC,
GövertU, MüllerSV
(2017) Early detection of dementia in people with an
intellectual disability - a German pilot study. J Appl Res
Intellect Disabil30, 49–57.
86.
DevennyDA, Krinsky-McHalSJ,
SersenG, SilvermanWP
(2000) Sequence of cognitive decline in dementia in adults
with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res44, 654–665.
87.
DevennyDA, ZimmerliEJ, KittlerP, Krinsky-McHaleSJ
(2002) Cued recall in early-stage dementia in adults with
Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res46, 472–483.
88.
Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
DevennyDA, KittlerP, SilvermanW
(2008) Selective attention deficits associated with mild
cognitive impairment and early stage Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down
syndrome. Am J Ment Retard113, 369–386.
89.
BenejamB, ForteaJ, Molina-LópezR, VidelaS
(2015) Patterns ofperformance on the modified cued recall
test in Spanish adults withDown syndrome with and without dementia.
Am J Intellect DevDisabil120, 481–489.
90.
FlemingV, HelselBC, PtomeyLT, RosasHD, HandenB, LaymonC, ChristianBT, HeadE,
MapstoneM, LaiF,
Krinsky-McHaleS,
ZamanS, AncesBM, LeeJH,
HartleySL;
Alzheimer’s Biomarker Consortium –Down Syndrome (ABC-DS) Consortium
(2023) Weight loss and Alzheimer’s disease in Down
syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis91, 1215–1227.
91.
HartleySL, HandenBL, TudorascuD, LeeL,
CohenA, Piro-GambettiB,
ZammitM, KlunkW,
LaymonC, ZamanS,
AncesBM, SabbaghM, ChristianBT
(2022) Role of tau deposition in early cognitive decline in
Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dementia (Amst)14, e12256.
92.
Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
HartleyS, HomC,
PulsiferM, ClareICH, HandenBL, LottIT,
SchupfN, SilvermanW;
Alzheimer’s Biomarker Consortium –Down Syndrome (ABC-DS) Consortium
(2022) A modified Cued Recall Test for detecting prodromal
AD in adults with Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement
(Amst)14, e1236.
93.
PevenJC, HandenBL, LaymonCM, FlemingV, Piro-GambettiB,
ChristianBT, KlunkW,
CohenAD, OkonkwoO, HartleySL
(2022) Physical activity, memory function, and hippocampal
volume in adults with Down syndrome. Front Integr
Neurosci16, 919711.
94.
SaccoS, FalqueroS, BouisC,
AkkayaM, GallardJ, PichotA, RadiceG, BazinF,
MontestrucF, Hiance-DelahayeA,
RebillatAS
(2022) Modified Cued Recall Test in the French population
with Down syndrome: A retrospective medical records analysis. J
Intellect Disabil Res66, 690–703.
95.
SanoM, AisenP,
DaltonA, AndrewsH, TsaiW,
the International Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium
(2005) Assessment of aging individuals with Down syndrome in
clinical trials: Results of baseline measures. J Policy Pract
Intellect Disabil2, 126–138.
96.
NelsonLD, ScheibelKE, RingmanJM, SayreJW
(2007) An experimental approach to detecting dementia in
Down syndrome: A paradigm for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain
Cogn64, 92–103.
97.
StartinCM, HamburgS, HithersayR, Al-JanabiT, MokKY,
HardyJ; LonDownS
Consortium, StrydomA
(2019) Cognitive markers of preclinical and prodromal
Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement15, 245–257.
98.
PulsiferMB, EvansCL, HomC,
Krinsky-McHaleSJ,
SilvermanW, LaiF,
LottI, SchupfN, WenJ,
RosasHD (2020)
Language skills as a predictor of cognitive decline in adults with Down
syndrome. Alzheimers Dement12, e12080.
99.
MgaiethF, BakshRA, StartinCM, HamburgS, HithersayR, PapeS,
ZetterbergH, AshtonNJ, Tamayo-ElizaldeM,
SainiF, IdrisM,
ConsortiumTL,
StrydomA (2023) Exploring
semantic verbal fluency patterns and their relationship to age and Alzheimer’s disease in
adults with Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement, doi: 10.1002/alz.13097.
100.
LottIT, DoranE,
WalshDM, HillMA
(2006) Telemedicine, dementia and Down syndrome:
Implications for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimers Dement2, 179–184.
101.
SaxtonJ, McGonigleKL, SwihartAA, BollerF
(1993) The severe impairment battery.
Pearson, San Antonio,
TX..
102.
HollandA, BallS
(2009) The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of
Older People with Down’s Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities
(CAMDEX-DS). In Neuropsychological Assessments of Dementia in Down
Syndrome and Intellectual Disabilities, Prasher V, ed.
Springer,
London.
103.
NüblingG, LoosliSV, WlasichE, PrixC,
SchöneckerS, FreudelspergerL,
SmrzkaN, StrydomAM, ZamanSH, BenejamB, MissiosJ, MeisterR, DanekA,
LevinJ (2020)
[A German version of the Cambridge examination for mental disorders of
older people with Down’s syndrome and others with intellectual disabilities: A
diagnostic procedure for detecting dementia in people with Down’s
syndrome.]. Z Gerontol Geriatr53, 546–551.
