Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the main cause of dementia, is characterized by the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ). This pathophysiological process starts many years to decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and amyloid positron emission tomography scans are two standard methods to measure brain Aβ, but their invasive nature and expense limit their usage as screening tools. Therefore, peripheral Aβ studies have grown exponentially during the past few years. In this review, we discuss recent studies on plasma Aβ and its potential as a reliable biomarker of AD.
BraakH, Del TrediciK (2015) The preclinical phase of the pathological process underlying sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Brain138, 2814–2833.
3.
McKhannGM, KnopmanDS, ChertkowH, HymanBT, JackCRJr., KawasCH, KlunkWE, KoroshetzWJ, ManlyJJ, MayeuxR, MohsRC, MorrisJC, RossorMN, ScheltensP, CarrilloMC, ThiesB, WeintraubS, PhelpsCH (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement7, 263–269.
4.
PalmqvistS, ZetterbergH, MattssonN, JohanssonP, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, MinthonL, BlennowK, OlssonM, HanssonO, Swedish BioFINDER Study Group (2015) Detailed comparison of amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers for identifying early Alzheimer disease. Neurology85, 1240–1249.
5.
LandauSM, LuM, JoshiAD, PontecorvoM, MintunMA, TrojanowskiJQ, ShawLM, JagustWJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2013) Comparing positron emission tomography imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measurements of beta-amyloid. Ann Neurol74, 826–836.
6.
HanssonO, SeibylJ, StomrudE, ZetterbergH, TrojanowskiJQ, BittnerT, LifkeV, CorradiniV, EichenlaubU, BatrlaR, BuckK, ZinkK, RabeC, BlennowK, ShawLM, Swedish BioFINDER study group; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2018) CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease concord with amyloid-beta PET and predict clinical progression: A study of fully automated immunoassays in BioFINDER and ADNI cohorts. Alzheimers Dement14, 1470–1481.
7.
TiwariS, AtluriV, KaushikA, YndartA, NairM (2019) Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Int J Nanomedicine14, 5541–5554.
8.
Tarasoff-ConwayJM, CarareRO, OsorioRS, GlodzikL, ButlerT, FieremansE, AxelL, RusinekH, NicholsonC, ZlokovicBV, FrangioneB, BlennowK, MenardJ, ZetterbergH, WisniewskiT, de LeonMJ (2015) Clearance systems in the brain-implications for Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol11, 457–470.
9.
InyushinM, Zayas-SantiagoA, RojasL, KucheryavykhY, KucheryavykhL (2019) Platelet-generated amyloid beta peptides in Alzheimer’s disease and glaucoma. Histol Histopathol34, 843–856.
10.
SelkoeDJ (2008) Soluble oligomers of the amyloid beta-protein impair synaptic plasticity and behavior. Behav Brain Res192, 106–113.
11.
ReinertJ, MartensH, HuettenrauchM, KolbowT, LannfeltL, IngelssonM, PaetauA, Verkkoniemi-AholaA, BayerTA, WirthsO (2014) Abeta38 in the brains of patients with sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease and transgenic mouse models. J Alzheimers Dis39, 871–881.
12.
RembachA, FauxNG, WattAD, PertileKK, RumbleRL, TrounsonBO, FowlerCJ, RobertsBR, PerezKA, LiQX, LawsSM, TaddeiK, Rainey-SmithS, RobertsonJS, VandijckM, VandersticheleH, BarnhamKJ, EllisKA, SzoekeC, MacaulayL, RoweCC, VillemagneVL, AmesD, MartinsRN, BushAI, MastersCL, AIBL research group (2014) Changes in plasma amyloid beta in a longitudinal study of aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement10, 53–61.
13.
DevanandDP, SchupfN, SternY, ParseyR, PeltonGH, MehtaP, MayeuxR (2011) Plasma Abeta and PET PiB binding are inversely related in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology77, 125–131.
14.
LuiJK, LawsSM, LiQX, VillemagneVL, AmesD, BrownB, BushAI, De RuyckK, DromeyJ, EllisKA, FauxNG, FosterJ, FowlerC, GuptaV, HudsonP, LaughtonK, MastersCL, PertileK, RembachA, RimajovaM, RodriguesM, RoweCC, RumbleR, SzoekeC, TaddeiK, TaddeiT, TrounsonB, WardV, MartinsRN, AIBL Research Group (2010) Plasma amyloid-beta as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease: the AIBL study of aging. J Alzheimers Dis20, 1233–1242.
15.
KimHJ, ParkKW, KimTE, ImJY, ShinHS, KimS, LeeDH, YeBS, KimJH, KimEJ, ParkKH, HanHJ, JeongJH, ChoiSH, ParkSA (2015) Elevation of the plasma Abeta40/Abeta42 ratio as a diagnostic marker of sporadic early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis48, 1043–1050.
16.
HsuJL, LeeWJ, LiaoYC, WangSJ, FuhJL (2017) The clinical significance of plasma clusterin and Abeta in the longitudinal follow-up of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther9, 91.
17.
SunHL, LiWW, ZhuC, JinWS, LiuYH, ZengF, WangYJ, BuXL (2018) The correlations of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta levels with platelet count in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Res Int2018, 7302045.
18.
KleinschmidtM, SchoenfeldR, GottlichC, BittnerD, MetznerJE, LeplowB, DemuthHU (2016) Characterizing aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia with blood-based biomarkers and neuropsychology. J Alzheimers Dis50, 111–126.
19.
Sanchez-EspinosaMP, AtienzaM, CanteroJL (2014) Sleep deficits in mild cognitive impairment are related to increased levels of plasma amyloid-beta and cortical thinning. Neuroimage98, 395–404.
20.
HanonO, VidalJS, LehmannS, BomboisS, AllinquantB, TreluyerJM, GeleP, DelmaireC, BlancF, ManginJF, BueeL, TouchonJ, HugonJ, VellasB, GalbrunE, BenetosA, BerrutG, PaillaudE, WallonD, CastelnovoG, Volpe-GillotL, PaccalinM, RobertPH, GodefroyO, DantoineT, CamusV, BelminJ, VandelP, NovellaJL, DuronE, RigaudAS, Schraen-MaschkeS, GabelleA, BALTAZAR study group (2018) Plasma amyloid levels within the Alzheimer’s process and correlations with central biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement14, 858–868.
21.
JanelidzeS, StomrudE, PalmqvistS, ZetterbergH, van WestenD, JerominA, SongL, HanlonD, Tan HehirCA, BakerD, BlennowK, HanssonO (2016) Plasma beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular disease. Sci Rep6, 26801.
LueLF, SabbaghMN, ChiuMJ, JingN, SnyderNL, SchmitzC, GuerraA, BeldenCM, ChenTF, YangCC, YangSY, WalkerDG, ChenK, ReimanEM (2017) Plasma levels of Abeta42 and tau identified probable Alzheimer’s dementia: findings in two cohorts. Front Aging Neurosci9, 226.
24.
KimY, YooYK, KimHY, RohJH, KimJ, BaekS, LeeJC, KimHJ, ChaeMS, JeongD, ParkD, LeeS, JangH, KimK, LeeJH, ByunBH, ParkSY, HaJH, LeeKC, ChoWW, KimJS, KohJY, LimSM, HwangKS (2019) Comparative analyses of plasma amyloid-beta levels in heterogeneous and monomerized states by interdigitated microelectrode sensor system. Sci Adv5, eaav1388.
25.
LovheimH, ElghF, JohanssonA, ZetterbergH, BlennowK, HallmansG, ErikssonS (2017) Plasma concentrations of free amyloid beta cannot predict the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement13, 778–782.
26.
HanssonO, StomrudE, VanmechelenE, OstlingS, GustafsonDR, ZetterbergH, BlennowK, SkoogI (2012) Evaluation of plasma Abeta as predictor of Alzheimer’s disease in older individuals without dementia: a population-based study. J Alzheimers Dis28, 231–238.
27.
RembachA, WattAD, WilsonWJ, VillemagneVL, BurnhamSC, EllisKA, MaruffP, AmesD, RoweCC, MacaulaySL, BushAI, MartinsRN, MastersCL, DoeckeJD, AIBL Research Group (2014) Plasma amyloid-beta levels are significantly associated with a transition toward Alzheimer’s disease as measured by cognitive decline and change in neocortical amyloid burden. J Alzheimers Dis40, 95–104.
28.
WangJ, QiaoF, ShangS, LiP, ChenC, DangL, JiangY, HuoK, DengM, WangJ, QuQ (2018) Elevation of plasma amyloid-beta level is more significant in early stage of cognitive impairment: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Alzheimers Dis64, 61–69.
29.
WangMJ, YiS, HanJY, ParkSY, JangJW, ChunIK, KimSE, LeeBS, KimGJ, YuJS, LimK, KangSM, ParkYH, YounYC, AnSSA, KimS (2017) Oligomeric forms of amyloid-beta protein in plasma as a potential blood-based biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther9, 98.
30.
ChourakiV, BeiserA, YounkinL, PreisSR, WeinsteinG, HanssonO, SkoogI, LambertJC, AuR, LaunerL, WolfPA, YounkinS, SeshadriS (2015) Plasma amyloid-beta and risk of Alzheimer’s disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Alzheimers Dement11, 249–257e241.
31.
SchupfN, TangMX, FukuyamaH, ManlyJ, AndrewsH, MehtaP, RavetchJ, MayeuxR (2008) Peripheral Abeta subspecies as risk biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A105, 14052–14057.
32.
van OijenM, HofmanA, SoaresHD, KoudstaalPJ, BretelerMM (2006) Plasma Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) and the risk of dementia: a prospective case-cohort study. Lancet Neurol5, 655–660.
33.
HilalS, WoltersFJ, VerbeekMM, VandersticheleH, IkramMK, StoopsE, IkramMA, VernooijMW (2018) Plasma amyloid-beta levels, cerebral atrophy and risk of dementia: a population-based study. Alzheimers Res Ther10, 63.
34.
YaffeK, WestonA, Graff-RadfordNR, SatterfieldS, SimonsickEM, YounkinSG, YounkinLH, KullerL, AyonayonHN, DingJ, HarrisTB (2011) Association of plasma beta-amyloid level and cognitive reserve with subsequent cognitive decline. JAMA305, 261–266.
35.
SeppalaTT, HerukkaSK, HanninenT, TervoS, HallikainenM, SoininenH, PirttilaT (2010) Plasma Abeta42 and Abeta40 as markers of cognitive change in follow-up: a prospective, longitudinal, population-based cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry81, 1123–1127.
36.
ShahNS, VidalJS, MasakiK, PetrovitchH, RossGW, TilleyC, DeMattosRB, TracyRP, WhiteLR, LaunerLJ (2012) Midlife blood pressure, plasma beta-amyloid, and the risk for Alzheimer disease: the Honolulu Asia Aging Study. Hypertension59, 780–786.
37.
LambertJC, Schraen-MaschkeS, RichardF, FievetN, RouaudO, BerrC, DartiguesJF, TzourioC, AlperovitchA, BueeL, AmouyelP (2009) Association of plasma amyloid beta with risk of dementia: the prospective Three-City Study. Neurology73, 847–853.
38.
Graff-RadfordNR, CrookJE, LucasJ, BoeveBF, KnopmanDS, IvnikRJ, SmithGE, YounkinLH, PetersenRC, YounkinSG (2007) Association of low plasma Abeta42/Abeta40 ratios with increased imminent risk for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol64, 354–362.
HanssonO, ZetterbergH, VanmechelenE, VandersticheleH, AndreassonU, LondosE, WallinA, MinthonL, BlennowK (2010) Evaluation of plasma Abeta(40) and Abeta(42) as predictors of conversion to Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging31, 357–367.
41.
FeiM, JianghuaW, RujuanM, WeiZ, QianW (2011) The relationship of plasma Abeta levels to dementia in aging individuals with mild cognitive impairment. J Neurol Sci305, 92–96.
42.
VerberkIMW, SlotRE, VerfaillieSCJ, HeijstH, PrinsND, van BerckelBNM, ScheltensP, TeunissenCE, van der FlierWM (2018) Plasma amyloid as prescreener for the earliest Alzheimer pathological changes. Ann Neurol84, 648–658.
43.
KoyamaA, OkerekeOI, YangT, BlackerD, SelkoeDJ, GrodsteinF (2012) Plasma amyloid-beta as a predictor of dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Neurol69, 824–831.
44.
DeaneR, Du YanS, SubmamaryanRK, LaRueB, JovanovicS, HoggE, WelchD, MannessL, LinC, YuJ, ZhuH, GhisoJ, FrangioneB, SternA, SchmidtAM, ArmstrongDL, ArnoldB, LiliensiekB, NawrothP, HofmanF, KindyM, SternD, ZlokovicB (2003) RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain. Nat Med9, 907–913.
45.
SagareAP, DeaneR, ZlokovicBV (2012) Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1: a physiological Abeta homeostatic mechanism with multiple therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther136, 94–105.
46.
ChoSM, KimHV, LeeS, KimHY, KimW, KimTS, KimDJ, KimY (2014) Correlations of amyloid-beta concentrations between CSF and plasma in acute Alzheimer mouse model. Sci Rep4, 6777.
47.
RobertsKF, ElbertDL, KastenTP, PattersonBW, SigurdsonWC, ConnorsRE, OvodV, MunsellLY, MawuenyegaKG, Miller-ThomasMM, MoranCJ, CrossDT3rd, DerdeynCP, BatemanRJ (2014) Amyloid-beta efflux from the central nervous system into the plasma. Ann Neurol76, 837–844.
48.
OvodV, RamseyKN, MawuenyegaKG, BollingerJG, HicksT, SchneiderT, SullivanM, PaumierK, HoltzmanDM, MorrisJC, BenzingerT, FaganAM, PattersonBW, BatemanRJ (2017) Amyloid beta concentrations and stable isotope labeling kinetics of human plasma specific to central nervous system amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement13, 841–849.
TzenKY, YangSY, ChenTF, ChengTW, HorngHE, WenHP, HuangYY, ShiueCY, ChiuMJ (2014) Plasma Abeta but not tau is related to brain PiB retention in early Alzheimer’s disease. ACS Chem Neurosci5, 830–836.
51.
RisacherSL, FandosN, RomeroJ, SherriffI, PesiniP, SaykinAJ, ApostolovaLG (2019) Plasma amyloid beta levels are associated with cerebral amyloid and tau deposition. Alzheimers Dement (Amst)11, 510–519.
52.
FandosN, Perez-GrijalbaV, PesiniP, OlmosS, BossaM, VillemagneVL, DoeckeJ, FowlerC, MastersCL, SarasaM, AIBL Research Group (2017) Plasma amyloid beta 42/40 ratios as biomarkers for amyloid beta cerebral deposition in cognitively normal individuals. Alzheimers Dement (Amst)8, 179–187.
53.
de RojasI, RomeroJ, Rodriguez-GomezO, PesiniP, SanabriaA, Perez-CordonA, AbdelnourC, HernandezI, Rosende-RocaM, MauleonA, VargasL, AlegretM, EspinosaA, OrtegaG, GilS, GuitartM, GailhajanetA, Santos-SantosMA, Moreno-GrauS, Sotolongo-GrauO, RuizS, MontrrealL, MartinE, PelejaE, LomenaF, CamposF, VivasA, Gomez-ChiariM, TejeroMA, GimenezJ, Perez-GrijalbaV, MarquieGM, Monte-RubioG, ValeroS, OrellanaA, TarragaL, SarasaM, RuizA, BoadaM, FACEHBI study (2018) Correlations between plasma and PET beta-amyloid levels in individuals with subjective cognitive decline: the Fundacio ACE Healthy Brain Initiative (FACEHBI). Alzheimers Res Ther10, 119.
ChatterjeeP, ElmiM, GoozeeK, ShahT, SohrabiHR, DiasCB, PedriniS, ShenK, AsihPR, DaveP, TaddeiK, VandersticheleH, ZetterbergH, BlennowK, MartinsRN (2019) Ultrasensitive detection of plasma amyloid-beta as a biomarker for cognitively normal elderly individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis71, 775–783.
57.
VergalloA, MegretL, ListaS, CavedoE, ZetterbergH, BlennowK, VanmechelenE, De VosA, HabertMO, PotierMC, DuboisB, NeriC, HampelH, INSIGHT-preAD study group; Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI) (2019) Plasma amyloid beta 40/42 ratio predicts cerebral amyloidosis in cognitively normal individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement15, 764–775.
58.
ParkJC, HanSH, ChoHJ, ByunMS, YiD, ChoeYM, KangS, JungES, WonSJ, KimEH, KimYK, LeeDY, Mook-JungI (2017) Chemically treated plasma Abeta is a potential blood-based biomarker for screening cerebral amyloid deposition. Alzheimers Res Ther9, 20.
59.
SwaminathanS, RisacherSL, YoderKK, WestJD, ShenL, KimS, InlowM, ForoudT, JagustWJ, KoeppeRA, MathisCA, ShawLM, TrojanowskiJQ, SoaresH, AisenPS, PetersenRC, WeinerMW, SaykinAJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2014) Association of plasma and cortical amyloid beta is modulated by APOE epsilon4 status. Alzheimers Dement10, e9–e18.
60.
TatenoA, SakayoriT, KimWC, KoedaM, KumitaS, SuzukiH, OkuboY (2017) Effect of apolipoprotein E phenotype on the association of plasma amyloid beta and amyloid positron emission tomography imaging in Japan. Alzheimers Dement (Amst)9, 51–56.
61.
DickersonBC, StoubTR, ShahRC, SperlingRA, KillianyRJ, AlbertMS, HymanBT, BlackerD, Detoledo-MorrellL (2011) Alzheimer-signature MRI biomarker predicts AD dementia in cognitively normal adults. Neurology76, 1395–1402.
62.
CanteroJL, IglesiasJE, Van LeemputK, AtienzaM (2016) Regional hippocampal atrophy and higher levels of plasma amyloid-beta are associated with subjective memory complaints in nondemented elderly subjects. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci71, 1210–1215.
63.
KaffashianS, TzourioC, SoumareA, DufouilC, MazoyerB, Schraen-MaschkeS, BueeL, DebetteS (2015) Association of plasma beta-amyloid with MRI markers of structural brain aging the 3-City Dijon study. Neurobiol Aging36, 2663–2670.
64.
Llado-SazS, AtienzaM, CanteroJL (2015) Increased levels of plasma amyloid-beta are related to cortical thinning and cognitive decline in cognitively normal elderly subjects. Neurobiol Aging36, 2791–2797.
65.
Sotolongo-GrauO, PesiniP, ValeroS, LafuenteA, BuendiaM, Perez-GrijalbaV, JoseIS, IbarriaM, TejeroMA, GimenezJ, HernandezI, TarragaL, RuizA, BoadaM, SarasaM (2014) Association between cell-bound blood amyloid-beta(1-40) levels and hippocampus volume. Alzheimers Res Ther6, 56.
66.
YounYC, KangS, SuhJ, ParkYH, KangMJ, PyunJM, ChoiSH, JeongJH, ParkKW, LeeHW, AnSSA, DominguezJC, KimS (2019) Blood amyloid-beta oligomerization associated with neurodegeneration of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther11, 40.
Bermejo-BescosP, Martin-AragonS, Jimenez-AliagaK, BenediJ, FeliciE, GilP, RiberaJM, VillarAM (2013) Processing of the platelet amyloid precursor protein in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Neurochem Res38, 1415–1423.
70.
NakamuraT, KawarabayashiT, SeinoY, HirohataM, NakahataN, NaritaS, ItohK, NakajiS, ShojiM (2018) Aging and APOE-epsilon4 are determinative factors of plasma Abeta42 levels. Ann Clin Transl Neurol5, 1184–1191.
71.
GabelleA, SchraenS, GutierrezLA, PaysC, RouaudO, BueeL, TouchonJ, HelmerC, LambertJC, BerrC (2015) Plasma beta-amyloid 40 levels are positively associated with mortality risks in the elderly. Alzheimers Dement11, 672–680.
72.
ToledoJB, VandersticheleH, FigurskiM, AisenPS, PetersenRC, WeinerMW, JackCRJr., JagustW, DecarliC, TogaAW, ToledoE, XieSX, LeeVM, TrojanowskiJQ, ShawLM, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2011) Factors affecting Abeta plasma levels and their utility as biomarkers in ADNI. Acta Neuropathol122, 401–413.
73.
OlssonB, LautnerR, AndreassonU, OhrfeltA, PorteliusE, BjerkeM, HolttaM, RosenC, OlssonC, StrobelG, WuE, DakinK, PetzoldM, BlennowK, ZetterbergH (2016) CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol15, 673–684.
74.
MettiAL, CauleyJA, AyonayonHN, HarrisTB, RosanoC, WilliamsonJD, YaffeK, Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (2013) The demographic and medical correlates of plasma abeta40 and abeta42. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord27, 244–249.
75.
JiangY, ShangS, LiP, ChenC, DangL, WangJ, HuoK, DengM, WangJ, QuQ (2018) Pulse pressure is associated with plasma amyloid-beta transport dysfunction. J Hypertens36, 569–579.
76.
GaoL, JiangY, WeiS, ShangS, LiP, ChenC, DangL, WangJ, HuoK, DengM, WangJ, ZhangR, QuQ (2018) The level of plasma amyloid-beta40 is correlated with peripheral transport proteins in cognitively normal adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Alzheimers Dis65, 951–961.
77.
AssiniA, CammarataS, VitaliA, ColucciM, GilibertoL, BorghiR, IngleseML, VolpeS, RattoS, Dagna-BricarelliF, BaldoC, ArgustiA, OdettiP, PicciniA, TabatonM (2004) Plasma levels of amyloid beta-protein 42 are increased in women with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology63, 828–831.
78.
VerdileG, LawsSM, HenleyD, AmesD, BushAI, EllisKA, FauxNG, GuptaVB, LiQX, MastersCL, PikeKE, RoweCC, SzoekeC, TaddeiK, VillemagneVL, MartinsRN, AIBL Research Group (2014) Associations between gonadotropins, testosterone and beta amyloid in men at risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Psychiatry19, 69–75.
LambertJC, DallongevilleJ, EllisKA, Schraen-MaschkeS, LuiJ, LawsS, DumontJ, RichardF, CottelD, BerrC, AmesD, MastersCL, RoweCC, SzoekeC, TzourioC, DartiguesJF, BueeL, MartinsR, AmouyelP (2011) Association of plasma Ass peptides with blood pressure in the elderly. PLoS One6, e18536.
81.
ZhangY, ZhouB, DengB, ZhangF, WuJ, WangY, LeY, ZhaiQ (2013) Amyloid-beta induces hepatic insulin resistance in vivo via JAK2. Diabetes62, 1159–1166.
82.
HilalS, AkoudadS, van DuijnCM, NiessenWJ, VerbeekMM, VandersticheleH, StoopsE, IkramMA, VernooijMW (2017) Plasma amyloid-beta levels, cerebral small vessel disease, and cognition: The Rotterdam Study. J Alzheimers Dis60, 977–987.
83.
DirekN, SchrijversEM, de BruijnRF, MirzaS, HofmanA, IkramMA, TiemeierH (2013) Plasma amyloid beta, depression, and dementia in community-dwelling elderly. J Psychiatr Res47, 479–485.
84.
MarquesMA, KulstadJJ, SavardCE, GreenPS, LeeSP, CraftS, WatsonGS, CookDG (2009) Peripheral amyloid-beta levels regulate amyloid-beta clearance from the central nervous system. J Alzheimers Dis16, 325–329.
85.
GeorgievskaB, GustavssonS, LundkvistJ, NeelissenJ, EketjallS, RambergV, BuetersT, AgermanK, JureusA, SvenssonS, BergS, FaltingJ, LendahlU (2015) Revisiting the peripheral sink hypothesis: inhibiting BACE1 activity in the periphery does not alter beta-amyloid levels in the CNS. J Neurochem132, 477–486.
86.
KitaguchiN, HasegawaM, ItoS, KawaguchiK, HikiY, NakaiS, SuzukiN, ShimanoY, IshidaO, KushimotoH, KatoM, KoideS, KanayamaK, KatoT, ItoK, TakahashiH, MutohT, SugiyamaS, YuzawaY (2015) A prospective study on blood Abeta levels and the cognitive function of patients with hemodialysis: a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna)122, 1593–1607.
87.
InyushinMY, SanabriaP, RojasL, KucheryavykhY, KucheryavykhL (2017) Abeta peptide originated from platelets promises new strategy in anti-Alzheimer’s drug development. Biomed Res Int2017, 3948360.
88.
PalmqvistS, JanelidzeS, StomrudE, ZetterbergH, KarlJ, ZinkK, BittnerT, MattssonN, EichenlaubU, BlennowK, HanssonO (2019) Performance of fully automated plasma assays as screening tests for Alzheimer disease-related beta-amyloid status. JAMA Neurol, doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1632
89.
ShiY, LuX, ZhangL, ShuH, GuL, WangZ, GaoL, ZhuJ, ZhangH, ZhouD, ZhangZ (2019) Potential value of plasma amyloid-beta, total tau, and neurofilament light for identification of early Alzheimer’s disease. ACS Chem Neurosci10, 3479–3485.
90.
JiaL, QiuQ, ZhangH, ChuL, DuY, ZhangJ, ZhouC, LiangF, ShiS, WangS, QinW, WangQ, LiF, WangQ, LiY, ShenL, WeiY, JiaJ (2019) Concordance between the assessment of Abeta42, T-tau, and P-T181-tau in peripheral blood neuronal-derived exosomes and cerebrospinal fluid. Alzheimers Dement15, 1071–1080.
91.
ToledoJB, ShawLM, TrojanowskiJQ (2013) Plasma amyloid beta measurements - a desired but elusive Alzheimer’s disease biomarker. Alzheimers Res Ther5, 8.
92.
O’BryantSE, GuptaV, HenriksenK, EdwardsM, JerominA, ListaS, BazenetC, SoaresH, LovestoneS, HampelH, MontineT, BlennowK, ForoudT, CarrilloM, Graff-RadfordN, LaskeC, BretelerM, ShawL, TrojanowskiJQ, SchupfN, RissmanRA, FaganAM, OberoiP, UmekR, WeinerMW, GrammasP, PosnerH, MartinsR, STAR-B and BBBIG working groups (2015) Guidelines for the standardization of preanalytic variables for blood-based biomarker studies in Alzheimer’s disease research. Alzheimers Dement11, 549–560.
93.
O’BryantSE, MielkeMM, RissmanRA, ListaS, VandersticheleH, ZetterbergH, LewczukP, PosnerH, HallJ, JohnsonL, FongYL, LuthmanJ, JerominA, Batrla-UtermannR, VillarrealA, BrittonG, SnyderPJ, HenriksenK, GrammasP, GuptaV, MartinsR, HampelH, Biofluid Based Biomarker Professional Interest Area (2017) Blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer disease: Current state of the science and a novel collaborative paradigm for advancing from discovery to clinic. Alzheimers Dement13, 45–58.
