Impact of APOE and BDNF Val66Met Gene Polymorphisms on Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Abstract

 Apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ4 is a well-known risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but other AD-related gene polymorphisms might also be important, such as the polymorphism within the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Carriage of BDNF Val66Met has been associated with faster cognitive decline and greater hippocampal atrophy in cognitively normal elderly. Thus, we examined the effects of the concurrent presence of APOE and BDNF polymorphisms on cognitive functions and brain morphometry in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. 107 aMCI patients (mean age = 72.2) were recruited from the Czech Brain Aging Study and, based on APOE and BDNF genes polymorphisms, were divided into four groups: ɛ4^–BDNF^Val/Val (n = 37), ɛ4^–BDNF^Met (n = 19), ɛ4⁺BDNF^Val/Val (n = 35), and ɛ4⁺BDNF^Met (n = 16). All patients underwent clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and complex neuropsychological battery. The combination of APOE ɛ4⁺ and BDNF Met was associated with significantly worse memory performance in immediate and delayed recall compared to other polymorphism groups. We did not observe increased atrophy in areas related to memory function in the ɛ4⁺BDNF^Met group. Our findings suggest that carriage of ɛ4⁺BDNF^Met is associated with more pronounced memory dysfunction, a typical feature of early AD, but not with structural brain changes in aMCI patients. These findings suggest that in APOE ɛ4/BDNF Met carriers, synaptic dysfunction affecting memory may precede pronounced structural changes.