Analyses of Clinical Features and Investigations on Potential Mechanisms in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and Olfactory Dysfunction

Abstract

Background:

OD is common in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the relationship between OD and clinical symptoms and the potential mechanisms of OD in AD patients are still unknown.

Objective:

To explore the relationship between OD and clinical symptoms and the potential mechanisms of OD in AD patients.

Methods:

We evaluated OD using the Hyposmia Rating Scale (HRS), classified patients into AD with OD (AD-OD) and AD with no OD (AD-NOD) groups, and detected the levels of free radicals and inflammatory factors, including hydroxyl radical (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E₂ in serum from AD patients.

Results:

It was shown that the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination, Animal Fluency Test, Boston Naming Test (BNT), and Auditory Verbal Learning Test-delayed recall were all significantly lower and the score of overall activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL were significantly higher in AD-OD group than those in AD-NOD group. Compared with AD-NOD group, •OH level in serum was prominently elevated, and H₂O₂ level was dramatically declined in AD-OD group. In the correlation analysis, HRS score was significantly and positively correlated with the score of BNT, and negatively correlated with •OH level in serum.

Conclusions:

AD-OD patients suffered from severe cognitive impairment in the domain of language. Oxidative stress might be correlated with AD-OD featured by the drastically increased •OH level in serum.