The creation of healing gardens for persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related diseases (ADRD) offers vast potential. They can play a role in the scaffolding of cognitive disorders, emotional stress, sensory processing, sense of harmony, and appeasement. These effects are achieved through a distributed interplay of psychological functions with the immediate environment and local culture on the one hand, and dialogue on the other. The garden, a natural canvas created by man, shares with art the ability to foster an esthetic sense for which the perception can be measured by functional neurological imaging exploration. Art represents a mediator for the collaborative realization of distributed psychological functions between different individuals. Based on the hypothesis of an optimization of the therapeutic potential of a garden by a design adapted to the neuro-psycho-social and cultural specificities of its users combined with the thoughtful introduction of an artistic dimension, the “art, memory and life” healing garden was created at the University Hospital of Nancy as a prototype for persons with ADRD. The design concept was based on two hypotheses that we formulate herein, discuss their theoretical foundation, and suggest enhanced design for therapeutic gardens based upon our experience.
GotoS, KamalN, PuzioH, Kobylarz, HerrupK (2014) Differential responses of individuals with late-stage dementia to two novel environments: A multimedia room and an interior garden. J Alzheimers Dis42, 985–998.
2.
Cooper MarcusC, BarnesM (1995) Gardens in Health Care Facilities: Uses, therapeutic benefits, and design considerations. The Center of Health Design, Martinez, CA.
3.
Cooper MarcusC, BarnesM (1999) Healing gardens: Therapeuticbenefits and design recommendations. J Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
4.
Cooper MarcusC (2007) Healing gardens in hospitals. Interdiscip Des Research e-Journal I, Design and Health.
5.
EnfieldNJ, LevinsonSC (2006) Roots of Human Sociality. Culture, Cognition and Interaction, Berg, London.
6.
GoodwinC (2006) Human sociality as mutual orientation in a rich interactive environment: Multimodal utterances and pointing in aphasia. In Roots of Human Sociality,
EnfieldNJ,
LevinsonSC, eds. Berg, London, pp. 96–125.
7.
CollinsS, MarkovaI (1995) Complementarity in the construction of a problematic utterance in conversation. In: Mutualities in Dialogue,
MarkovaI,
GraumannC,
FoppaK, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 238–263.
8.
MeadGH (1934) Mind, Self and Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
9.
PiagetJ (1932) Le jugement moral chez l’enfant, Alcan, Paris.
10.
VygotskyLS (1986), Thought and language. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
11.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, FescharekRN (2015) Jardins thérapeutiques destinés aux sujets atteints de maladies d’Alzheimer et apparentées: Vers des lieux de vie aimants?Lettre de l’Espace de Réflexion Ethique Poitou Charentes8, Octobre 2015.
12.
AmievaH, BeliardS, SalmonE (2014) Les démences aspects cliniques, neuropsychologiques physiopathologiques et thérapeutiques, Deboeck Solal, Paris.
13.
Cohen-MansfieldJ, WernerP (1995) Environmental influence on agitation: An integrative summary observational study. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen1, 32–39.
14.
Cohen MansfieldJ (1998) The effect of an enhanced environment on nursing home residents who pace. Gerontologist38, 199–208.
15.
Cohen-MansfieldJ, WernerP (1997) Effets d’un jardin thérapeutique sur les troubles du comportement et l’humeur de résidents de maisons de retraite présentant une déambulation. Maladie d’Alzheimer4, 199–201.
16.
Cohen-MansfieldJ, WernerP (1999) Outdoor wandering parks for persons suffering from dementia. A survey of characterization and utilization. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord13, 109–117.
17.
Cohen-MansfieldJ (2007) The impact of environmental interventions on behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia. Cahiers Fondation Mederic Alzheimer3, 154–163.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, PopA, FescharekR, Bah ChuzevilleS, JacobC, DemarcheL, SoulonL, MalerbaG (2012) Les jardins thérapeutiques: Recommandations et critères de conception. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil10, 245–253.
20.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, FescharekR, PopA, JacobC, DemarcheL, SoulonL, MalerbaG (2012) Jardins thérapeutiques et maladie d’Alzheimer, vers une lecture neuropsychologique de leur conception et de leurs potentialités. XIème Réunion Francophone sur la Maladie d’Alzheimer et les syndromes apparentés, Toulouse, 22-24 mai 2012.
21.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, BattM, FescharekR, BenetosA, TrognonA, Bah-ChuzevilleS, PopA, JacobC, YzoardM, DemarcheL, SoulonL, MalerbaG, BouvelB (2013) Healing gardens and cognitive behavioral units in the management of Alzheimer’s disease patients: The Nancy Experience. J Alzheimers Dis34, 325–338.
22.
BergeD, JacobC, MouchotteS, PopA, Rivasseau, Jonveaux (2014) Agarden as a care tool in cognitive-behavior unit. Soins Gérontol108, 38–40.
23.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, YzoardM, FescharekR, PopA, JacobC, BattM, DemarcheL, MalerbaG, SoulonL, TrognonA (2011) Evaluation of benefits of a healing garden for Alzheimer patients: New methodology to evaluate a design concept integrating artistic and neuropsychological approaches. Alzheimers Dement7(Suppl 4), S442–S443.
24.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, FescharekR, BattM, TrognonA (2014) Benefits of healing gardens in AD, an evidence difficult to prove? The Nancy perspective. Alzheimers Dement10(Suppl 4), 619.
25.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, BattM, FescharekR, TrognonA (2013) Healing gardens for Alzheimer subjects: The Nancy current and future research program and perspectives. Dementia care 17 July 2013 Alzheimer Association International Conference, Boston, 14-18 July 2013.
WilsonEO (1984) Biophilia. The president and fellow of Harvard College.
32.
FullerRA, IrvineKN, Devine-WrightP, WarrenPH, GastonKJ (2007) Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity. Biol Lett3, 390–394.
33.
UlrichR (1999) Effects of gardens in health outcomes: Theory and research. In Healing gardens: Therapeutic benefits and design recommendations,
Cooper MarcusC, BarnesM, eds. J Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
34.
KaplanR, KaplanS (1989), Experience of nature: A psychological perspective, Cambridge University Press, New York.
35.
KaplanS (1992) The restorative environment: Nature and human experience. In The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development,
RelfD, ed. Timber Press, Portland, OR, pp. 134–142.
36.
KaplanS (1995) The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. J Environ Psychol15, 169–182.
37.
KaplanR (2001) The nature of the view from home. Psychological benefits. Environ Behav33, 507–542.
38.
AppletonJ (1975) The experience of landscape, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
39.
DengS, YinN, GuanQ, KatohM (2014) Dynamic response of the scenic beauty value of different forests to various thinning intensities in central eastern China. Environ Monit Assess186, 7413–7429.
40.
MaasJ (2011) Vitamin G: The importance of a green living environment for people’s health. ELCA Research Workshop Green City Europe-for a better life in European cities. ELCA, Bruxelles, pp. 44–45.
41.
ManussetS (2011) Plants, health, well-being and urban planning. ELCA Research Workshop Green City Europe- for a better life in European cities. ELCA, Bruxelles, pp. 15–17.
42.
SmithJ (2007) Health and nature: The influence of nature on design of the environment of care. The Center of Health Design.
43.
TyrväinenL, OjalaA, KorpelaK, LankiT, TsunetsuguY, KagawaT (2014) The influence of urban green environments on stress relief measures: A field experiment. J Environ Psychol38, 1–9.
44.
UlrichR (1984) View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science224, 420–442.
45.
UlrichR (1999) Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research. In Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations,
Cooper MarcusC, BarnesM, eds. John Wiley & Sons., New York, pp. 27–86.
46.
BrawleyEC (1997) Designing for Alzheimer’s disease. Strategies for creating better environments. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
47.
DixonC (2005) Therapeutic gardens for people with Alzheimer’sdisease. Des jardins thérapeutiques pour personnes atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Landscapes–Paysages, pp. 16–20.
48.
HartigT, Cooper MarcusC (2006) Essay Healing gardens-places for nature in health care. Lancet368, S36–S37.
49.
HeathY (2004) Evaluating the effect of therapeutic gardens. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen19, 4.
50.
UlrichR (1999) Effects of gardens in health outcomes: Theory and research. In Healing gardens: Therapeutic benefits and design recommendations,
Cooper MarcusC, BarnesM, eds. J Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
51.
RappeE, LindenL (2002) Plants in health care environments: Experiences of the nursing personnel in homes for people with dementia. Acta Horticulturae 639, XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Expanding roles for Horticulture improving Human Well Being and Life quality.
52.
FarageMA, MillerKW, AjayiF, HutchinsD (2012) Design principles to accommodate older adults. Glob J Health Sci4, 1–24.
53.
NamaziKH, JohnsonBD (1992) Pertinent autonomy for residents with dementia. Modifications of the physical environments to enhance independence. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen7, 16–21.
54.
SloanePD, MitchellCM, PreisserJS, PhillippsC, CommanderC, BurkerE (1998) Environmental correlates of resident agitation in Alzheimer’s disease special care units. J Am Geriatr Soc7, 862–869.
55.
WhallAL, BlackME, GrohCJ, YankouDJ, KupferschmidB, FosterN (1997) The effect of natural environments on agitation and aggression in late stage dementia patients. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen12, 216–220.
56.
ZeiselJ, TysonM (1999) Alzheimer’s treatment gardens. In Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and design recommendations,
Cooper MarcusC, BarnesM, eds. John Wiley & sons, New York.
57.
ZeiselJ (2000) Environmental design effects on Alzheimer symptoms in long-term care evidences. World Hosp Health Serv3, 27–31. 36, 38.
58.
ZeiselJ, SilversteinN, HydeJ, LevkoffS, LawtonMP, HolmesW (2003) Environmental correlates to behavioural outcomes in Alzheimer’s special care units. Gerontologist34, 697–711.
59.
ZeiselJ (2007) Creating a therapeutic garden that’s works for people living with Alzheimer’s. J Hous Elderly1-2, 13–33.
60.
JarrottS, KwackH, RelfD (2002) An observational assessment of a dementia-specific horticultural therapy program. Horttechnology3, 4003–4410.
61.
GonzalesMT, KirkevoldM (2014) Benefits of sensory garden and horticultural activities in dementia care: A modified scoping review. J Clin Nurs23, 2698–2715.
PlatelH (2011) Art-thérapie et démences: Apports de la neuropsychologie. Rev Neuropsychol3, 205–206.
64.
StuckeyHL, NobelJ (2010) The connection between art, healing and public health. A review of current literature. Am J Public Health100, 254–263.
65.
HalpernAR, LyJ, Elkin-FrankstonS, O’ConnorMG (2008) “I Know What I Like”: Stability of aesthetic preference in Alzheimer’s patients. Brain Cogn66, 65–72.
66.
ForestierR (2011) L’évaluation en art thérapie:Pratiques internationales, Elsevier Masson.
67.
KennedyR (2005) The Pablo Picasso Alzheimer’s therapy. New York Times, 30 October 2005.
68.
ZeiselJ (2010) I’m Still Here, London, Piatkus.
69.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, TrognonA, BattM, BraunM, EmpereurF (2013) Maladie d’Alzheimer et évaluation de la temporalité de la vie quotidienne: L’estimation de durée est-elle mieux préservée en mémoire située ou déclarative?Ann Med Psychol (Paris)171, 238–245.
70.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, BattM, BraunM, EmpereurF, TrognonA (2015) Evaluation des connaissances sémantiques de la temporalité au cours du vieillissement normal et de la maladie d’Alzheimer aux stades légers á modérés. L’Encéphale41, 137–143.
71.
RicoeurP (1990) Soi-même comme un autre, Seuil, Paris.
72.
LangeL, KoppN (2012) L’identité de la personne malade d’Alzheimer. Revue implications philosophiques15/02-2012.
73.
RainvilleC, MarchandN, PassiniR (2002) Performances of patients with a dementia of the Alzheimer type in the standardized Road-Map test of Direction sense. Neuropsychologia5, 567–573.
74.
RainvilleC, JoanetteY, MarchandN, PoissantA, PassiniR (1998) Les troubles de l’orientation dans l’espace dans la maladie d’Alzheimer: Deux études de cas. Neuropsychol Latina4, 51–61.
75.
RainvilleC, PassiniR, MarchandN (2001) A multiple case study of wayfinding in dementia of the Alzheimer type: Decision making. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn8, 54–71.
76.
LynchK (1960), The image of the city. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
77.
LynchE (2012) Thinking outside the box. Nurs Stand27, 23.
78.
MarquardtG, SchmiegP (2009) Dementia-friendly architecture: Environments that facilitate wayfinding in nursing homes. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen24, 333–340.
79.
MarquardtG (2011) Wayfinding for people with dementia: A reviewof the role of architectural design. HERD4, 75–90.
80.
van der VoordtDJ (1993) Losing your way in the nursing home: Spatial orientation from an architectural viewpoint. A review. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr24, 220–227.
81.
YzoardM, TrognonA, BattM, Rivasseau-JonveauxT, FescharekR, BenetosA, MalerbaG, PopA (2014) Maladie d’Alzheimer et contemplation d’œuvres d’art dans un jardin á visée thérapeutique: Quelle méthodologie permet d’évaluer les effets cognitifs et émotionnels de cette expérience esthétique? 12ème Réunion Francophone sur la Maladie d’Alzheimer, Montpellier 11-13/06-14.
82.
YzoardM, BattM, TrognonA, VerhaegenF, JacobC, PopA, BernezL, FescharekR, Rivasseau-JonveauxT (2017) Therapeutic garden and dementia: Dialogue to assist the unification of psychological functions. NPG17, 253–263.
83.
BonniolJL (2008) Mémoire collective et anthropologie. In Mémoire individuelle, mémoire collective et histoire,
CometG,
LejeuneA,
Maury-RouanC, eds. Solal, Marseille, pp. 73–82.
84.
Rivasseau JonveauxT, VauclareE, PottierL, PopA, JacobC, DemarcheL, SoulonL, BattM, MalerbaG (2012) Atelier de réminiscence en unité cognitivo comportementale: Méthodologie de recours aux références socio culturelles en Lorraine. Poster. Réunion Francophone sur la maladie d’Alzheimer Toulouse 22-24 05 2012.
85.
KawabataH, ZekiS (2004) Neural correlated of beauty. J Neurophysiol91, 1699–1705.
86.
IshizuT, ZekiS (2013) The brain’s specialized systems for aesthetic and perceptual judgment. Eur J Neurosci37, 1413–1420.
87.
BurkeE (1759) The Harvard Classics. The real cause of beauty1909–14.
88.
Cela-CondeC, Garcia-PrietoJ, RamascoJJ, MirassoCR, BajoR, MunarE, FlexasA, del-PozoF, MaestuF (2013) Dynamics of brain networks in aesthetic appreciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A110(Suppl 2), 10454–10461.
89.
ZekiS, RomayaJP, BenincasaDM, AtiahMF (2014) The experiences of mathematical beauty and its neural correlates. Front Neurosci8, 68.
90.
TsukiuraT, CabezaR (2011) Shared brain activity for aesthetic and moral judgments: Implications for the Beauty-is-Good stereotype. Scan6, 138–148.
91.
ZhangJW, HowellRT, LyerR (2014) Engagement with natural beauty moderates the positive relation between connectedness with nature and psychological well-being. J Environ Psychol38, 55–63.
92.
HarrisonR (2007) Jardins, Réflexions sur la condition humaine, Editions Le Pommier.
93.
KirkU, SkovM, HulmeO, ChristensenMS, ZekiS (2009) Modulation of aesthetic value by semantic context: An fMRI study. Neuroimage44, 1125–1132.
94.
MotoyamaY, HanyuK (2014) Does public art enrich landscapes? The effect of public art on visual properties and affective appraisals of landscapes. J Environ Psychol40, 14–25.
95.
JacobsenT (2010) Beauty and the brain: Culture, history and individual differences in aesthetic appreciation. J Anat216, 184–191 .
96.
JonveauxT, FescharekR (2009) Conception d’un jardin thérapeutique destiné aux patients atteints de maladie d’Alzheimer: Quelle contribution peut apporter une démarche artistique?Rev Neurol10, 115–116.
97.
PopA, Rivasseau JonveauxT, FescharekR, JacobC, DemarcheL, SoulonL, MalerbaG, BouvelB (2012) Les jardins thérapeutiques et les unités cognitivo comportementales dans la prise en charge de la maladie d’Alzheimer: L’expérience nancéenne. Congrès National des Unités de Soins d’évaluation et de prise encharge Alzheimer, Paris 13-14 Décembre 2012.
98.
FescharekR, Rivasseau JonveauxT, BattM, YzoardM, TrognonA (2013) The Nancy Healing garden for Alzheimer patients: Introducing art in the concept of care. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease. Boston, 14-18 July 2013.
99.
JacobC, TrognonA, Rivasseau-JonveauxT, BattM, PopA, FescharekR (2011) Impact de la conception d’un jardin thérapeutique sur l’orientation spatiale dans la maladie d’Alzheimer: Méthodologie d’évaluation originale. Société Française de Psychologie, Metz, 6-7 Septembre 2011.
100.
JacobC, TrognonA, RainvilleC, Rivasseau-JonveauxT, BattM, PopA, MalerbaG, DemarcheL, FescharekR (2012) Évaluation de l’orientation spatiale dans un jardin thérapeutique adapté aux sujets atteints de la maladie d’Alzheimer; une étude en cours. Journée Romande de Neuropsychologie, Genève, 4 Octobre 2012.
101.
PopA, FriangC, RoyerL, NassauE, Bernot-NicolaiA, LalauG, MalerbaG, JonveauxT (2017) Troubles du sommeil des patients atteints de pathologies neurodégénératives, intérêt de l’exposition á un jardin thérapeutique en unité cognitivo comportementale JAZ NOCT. Congrès des Unités Alzheimer, Paris 13-14 Décembre 2017.
102.
StigsdotterUK (2011) Research ideas on how to plan and design natural environments based on evidence-based health design and validated guidelines in order to maximise the potential health design and validated guidelines in order to maximise the potential health benefits for all. ELCA Research Workshop Green City Europe- for a better life in European cities. ELCA, Bruxelles33–37.
103.
BrunonH (2003) Rosario Assunto: Retour au jardin. Essais pour une philosophie de la nature, 1976-1987. Les éditions del’imprimeur, Paris et Besançon, pp. 205.
