Future Dementia Severity is Almost Entirely Explained by the Latent Variable δ ’s Intercept and Slope

Abstract

Background:

Structural equation models (SEM) can explicitly distinguish dementia-relevant variance in cognitive task performance. The resulting latent construct “δ” (for dementia) provides a relatively “error free” continuously varying dementia-specific phenotype.

Objective:

To estimate δ’s change over time (Δδ) and determine Δδ’s predictive validity using future dementia status as an outcome.

Methods:

Data from n = 2,191 participants of the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium (TARCC) were used to construct a latent growth curve model of longitudinal change over four years using five cognitive measures and one measure of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Four final latent factors, including baseline δ and Δδ, were simultaneously entered as predictors of wave 4 dementia severity, as estimated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale “sum of boxes” (CDR).

Results:

All observed measures exhibited significant change [χ² = 1,152 (df = 229); CFI = 0.968; RMSEA = 0.043]. The final model demonstrated excellent fit to the data [χ² = 543 (df = 245); CFI = 0.991; RMSEA = 0.023]. All latent indicator loadings were significant, yielding four distinct factors. After adjustment for demographic covariates and baseline CDR scores, d and Δd were significantly independently associated with CDR4, explaining 25% and 49% of its variance, respectively. The latent variable g’ significantly explained 3% of CDR4 variance independently of d and Δd. Δg’ was not significantly associated with CDR4. Baseline CDR explained 16% of CDR4 variance.

Conclusions:

Future dementia severity is almost entirely explained by the latent construct δ’s intercept and slope.