Abstract
Background: The relation between psychological distress, personality traits,
and cognitive decline in cognitively impaired patients remains unclear.
Objective: To investigate the effect of psychological distress and
personality traits on cognitive functioning in subjects with mild cognitive impairment
(MCI); and to investigate the predictive accuracy of these factors for the development of
dementia.
Methods: MCI patients (n = 343, age: 60.9±9.9 years, 38%
female, and MMSE score: 28.1±1.9) were included from the Maastricht memory clinic. All
patients underwent a standardized neuropsychological assessment (including tests for
measuring mental speed (Trail Making Test (TMT) part A and Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT)
part I), executive functioning (TMT part B and SCWT part III), memory (15-Word Learning
Tests), and verbal fluency (1-minute animals)), CT or MRI, and blood assessment. The Dutch
Personality Questionnaire (DPQ) and the 90-items Symptom Check List (SCL-90) were used to
measure personality traits and psychological distress. Conversion to dementia was assessed
two, five, and ten years after baseline. The mean follow-up period was 6.7±3.4 years.
Results: The Psychoneuroticism score of the SCL-90 was associated with slower
performances on SCWT part I and TMT part A. The subdomain Neuroticism of the DPQ was also
associated with slower scores on the TMT part A. At follow-up, 85 (25.9%) subjects had
developed dementia. The SCL-90 total score, and the subscales, Anxiety, Somatization,
Insufficiency in thought and action, and Sleeping problems were associated with a
decreased risk for developing (AD-type) dementia.
Conclusion: Psychological distress negatively affected information processing
speed, but was not associated with an increased risk of developing dementia in patients
with MCI.
