Abstract
A method is presented for predicting how the steering characteristics of a ship are affected by fitting a fixed nozzle. The presence of a nozzle upstream appears to have a significant effect on the rudder forces. Full-scale manoeuvring trials carried out with two twin-screw tugs, one with open propellers and the other equipped with nozzles, confirm the predicted trends. It is concluded that propeller, nozzle and rudder should be designed in an integrated way to ensure that an optimum solution is obtained with regard to both propulsive and steering qualities.
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