Abstract
Investments to enhance human effectiveness in complex systems are rife with several types of uncertainties, intangible benefits, multiple stakeholders, and inherent unpredictability. These characteristics make cost/benefit analyses for such systems a considerable challenge. This article addresses this challenge by first reviewing alternative frameworks for cost/benefit analysis and then proposing an overall methodology for situations with these characteristics. Use of the methodology is illustrated by its application in three investment problems that involve technologies for aiding, training, and assuring the health and safety of personnel in military systems.
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