While the intensive work-related use of information and communication technologies after working hours have led to increased techno-invasion, much less is known regarding whether and for whom techno-invasion influences job satisfaction.
OBJECTIVE:
Drawing on the conservation of resources theory and person-environment fit theory, this study examined the relationship between techno-invasion and decreased job satisfaction. Specific attention was paid to the moderating effect of boundary preference for segmentation and its joint influence with marital status on this relationship.
METHODS:
Questionnaire data were collected by an online survey of a nationwide and diverse sample of 472 employees from China. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical regression analysis.
RESULTS:
We found that techno-invasion negatively correlated with job satisfaction, which was strengthened by boundary preference for segmentation. Furthermore, the results of a three-way interaction effect suggested that the moderating role of boundary preference for segmentation on the relationship between techno-invasion and job satisfaction is stronger for unmarried employees than it is for married ones.
CONCLUSIONS:
The findings expand the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between techno-invasion and employee satisfaction in the Chinese context. Moreover, the findings have important implications for employers and employees that the interaction and matching of work environment, family environment, and individual preferences need to be considered to reduce the negative impact of techno-invasion on job satisfaction.
van ZoonenW, SivunenA, RiceRE. Boundary communication: How smartphone use after hours is associated with work-life conflict and organizational identification. Journal of Applied Communication Research. 2020;48(3):372–92.
2.
ChongS, HuangY, ChangC-HD. Supporting interdependent telework employees: A moderated-mediation model linking daily covid-19 task setbacks to next-day work withdrawal. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2020;105(12):1408–22.
3.
ten BrummelhuisLL, ter HoevenCL, Toniolo-BarriosM. Staying in the loop: Is constant connectivity to work good or bad for work performance?Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2021;128(2):103589.
4.
BraukmannJ, SchmittA, uranováL, OhlyS. Identifying ict-related affective events across life domains and examining their unique relationships with employee recovery. Journal of Business & Psychology. 2018;33:529–44.
5.
ZhangN, ShiY, TangH, MaH, ZhangJ. Does work-relatedict use after hours (wict) exhaust both you and your spouse? The spillover-crossover mechanism from wict to emotional exhaustion. Current Psychology. 2021.
6.
TarafdarM, TuQ, Ragu-NathanBS, Ragu-NathanTS. The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems. 2007;24(1):301–28.
7.
SrivastavaSC, ChandraS, ShirishA. Technostress creators and job outcomes: Theorising the moderating influence of personality traits. Information Systems Journal. 2015;25(4):355–401.
8.
BenlianA. A daily field investigation of technology-driven stress spillovers from work to home. MIS Quarterly. 2020;44(3):1259–300.
9.
ZhangM, ZhaoK, KorabikK. Does work-to-family guilt mediate the relationship between work-to-family conflict and job satisfaction? Testing the moderating roles of segmentation preference and family collectivism orientation. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2019;115:103321.
10.
WuJ, WangN, MeiW, LiuL. Technology-induced job anxiety during non-work time: Examining conditional effect of techno-invasion on job anxiety. International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations. 2020;22(2):162–82.
11.
Ragu-NathanTS, TarafdarM, Ragu-NathanBS, TuQ. The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Information Systems Research. 2008;19(4):417–33.
12.
TarafdarM, TuQ, Ragu-NathanTS, Ragu-NathanBS. Crossing to the dark side: Examining creators, outcomes, and inhibitors of technostress. Communications of the ACM. 2011;54(9):113–20.
13.
TarafdarM, PirkkalainenH, SaloM, MakkonenM. Taking on the “dark side”: Coping with technostress. IT Professional. 2020;22(6):82–9.
14.
TarafdarM, PullinsEB, Ragu-NathanTS. Technostress: Negative effect on performance and possible mitigations. Information Systems Journal. 2015;25(2):103–32.
15.
JudgeTA, ThoresenCJ, BonoJE, PattonGK. The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin. 2001;127(3):376–407.
16.
JosephD, NgK-Y, KohC, AngS. Turnover of information technology professionals: A narrative review, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, and model development. MIS Quarterly. 2007;31(3):547–77.
17.
RahimNB, Siti-RohaidaMZ. Career satisfaction and psychological well-being among professional engineers in malaysia: The effect of career goal development. Asian Academy of Management Journal. 2015;20(2):127–46.
18.
SuhA, LeeJ. Understanding teleworkers’ technostress and its influence on job satisfaction. Internet Research. 2017;27(1):140–59.
19.
YinP, OuC, DavisonRM, JieW, ChristyC, JariS. Coping with mobile technology overload in the workplace. Internet Research. 2018;28(5):1189–212.
20.
CaliffCB, SarkerS, SarkerS. The bright and dark sides of technostress: A mixed-methods study involving healthcare it. MIS Quarterly. 2020;44(2):809–56.
21.
PanQ, WeiH. A study on relational mechanism of wec_nwt with employee’s emotional exhaustion and turnover intention. Journal of Business Economics. 2017(10):35–49.
22.
JenaRK. Technostress in ict enabled collaborative learning environment: An empirical study among indian academician. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;51:1116–23.
23.
TamsS. Challenges in technostress research: Guiding future work. Twenty-first Americas Conference on Information Systems; Puerto Rico2015.
24.
FreedyJR, HobfollSE. Stress inoculation for reduction of burnout: A conservation of resources approach. Anxiety, Stress & Coping. 1994;6(4):311–25.
25.
HobfollSE. Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist. 1989;44(3):513–24.
26.
GaudiosoF, TurelO, GalimbertiC. The mediating roles of strain facets and coping strategies in translating techno-stressors into adverse job outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017;69:189–96.
27.
SchlachterS, McdowallA, CropleyM, InceogluI. Voluntary work-related technology use during non-work time: A narrative synthesis of empirical research and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews. 2018;20(4):825–46.
28.
SumiyanaS, SriwidharmanelyS. Mitigating the harmful effects of technostress: Inducing chaos theory in an experimental setting. Behaviour and Information Technology. 2020;39(10):1079–93.
29.
TurelO, GaudiosoF. Techno-stressors, distress and strain: The roles of leadership and competitive climates. Cognition Technology & Work. 2018;20:309–24.
30.
EdwardsJR, CaplanRD, HarrisonRV. Person-environment fit theory: Conceptual foundations, empirical evidence, and directions for future research. In: Cooper CL, editor. Theories of organizational stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998.
31.
Kristof-BrownAL, ZimmermanRD, JohnsonEC. Consequences of individuals’ fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology. 2005;58(2):281–342.
32.
OstroffC, SchulteM. Multiple perspectives of fit in organizations across levels of analysis. In: Ostroff C, Judge TA, editors. Perspectives on organizational fit (pp 3–69): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2007.
33.
MichelJS, ClarkMA. Investigating the relative importance of individual differences on the work-family interface and the moderating role of boundary preference for segmentation. Stress and Health. 2012;29(4):324–36.
34.
AmmonsSK. Work-family boundary strategies: Stability and alignment between preferred and enacted boundaries. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2013;82(1):49–58.
35.
KossekEE, LautschBA. Work–family boundary management styles in organizations: A cross-level model. Organizational Psychology Review. 2012;2(2):152–71.
36.
SelmerJ, LauringJ. Marital status and work outcomes of self-initiated expatriates: Is there a moderating effect of gender. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal. 2011;18(2):198–213.
37.
PhilipA, OkoiUM. Influence of marital stressors on role performance of married academic women in tertiary institutions in cross river state and need for counselling therein. Journal of Education and Practice. 2015;6(17):59–65.
38.
HouseRJ, HangesPJ, JavidanM, DorfmanPW, GuptaV. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The globe study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2004.
39.
ZhangM, LiH, FoleyS. Prioritizing work for family. Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management. 2014;5:14–31.
40.
XieJ, MaH, ZhouZE, TangH. Work-related use of information and communication technologies after hours (w_icts) and emotional exhaustion: A mediated moderation model. Computers in Human Behavior. 2018;79:94–104.
41.
MatthewsRA, WinkelDE, WayneJH. A longitudinal examination of role overload and work–family conflict: The mediating role of interdomain transitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2014;35(1):72–91.
42.
DerksD, BakkerAB, PetersP, WingerdenPV. Work-related smartphone use, work–family conflict and family role performance: The role of segmentation preference. Human Relations. 2016;69(5):1045–68.
43.
GadeyneN, VerbruggenM, DelanoeijeJ, CoomanRD. All wired, all tired? Work-related ict-use outside work hours and work-to-home conflict: The role of integration preference, integration norms and work demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2018;107:86–99.
44.
KreinerGE. Consequences of work-home segmentation or integration: A person-environment fit perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2006;27(4):485–507.
45.
ChenA, KarahannaE. Life interrupted: The effects of technology-mediated work interruptions on work and nonwork outcomes. MIS Quarterly. 2018;42(4):1023–42.
46.
WuJ, MeiW, LiuL, UgrinJC. The bright and dark sides of social cyberloafing: Effects on employee mental health in china. Journal of Business Research. 2020;112:56–64.
47.
MarliesV, VerbruggeS, SadowskiB, DriesseM, PickavetM. Identifying and quantifying the indirect benefits of broadband networks for e-government and e-business: A bottom-up approach. Telecommunications Policy. 2015;39(3):176–91.
48.
ChuTH. A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and employee outcomes. Telematics & Informatics. 2020;50:101379.
49.
KaoKY, ChiNW, ThomasCL, LeeHT, WangYF. Linking ict availability demands to burnout and work-family conflict: The roles of workplace telepressure and dispositional self-regulation. The Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary and Applied. 2020;154(5):323–45.
50.
ZhaoX, QuH, GhiselliR. Examining the relationship of work–family conflict to job and life satisfaction: A case of hotel sales managers. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2011;30(1):46–54.
51.
NielsenJD, ThompsonJA, WadsworthLL, VallettJD. The moderating role of calling in the work-family interface: Buffering and substitution effects on satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2020;41(7):622–37.
52.
ChoS, KimS, ChinSW, AhmadU. Daily effects of continuous ict demands on work-family conflict: Negative spillover and role conflict. Stress and Health. 2020;36(4):533–45.
53.
PengY, MaoC. The impact of person–job fit on job satisfaction: The mediator role of self efficacy. Social Indicators Research. 2015;121(3):805–13.
54.
KossekEE, ThompsonRJ, LautschBA. Balanced workplace flexibility: Avoiding the traps. California management review. 2015;57(4):5–25.
55.
AshforthBE, FugateKM. All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review. 2000;25(3):472–91.
56.
ClarkSC. Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations. 2000;53(6):747–70.
57.
HigginsC, DuxburyL. Work-family conflict: A comparison of dual-career and traditional career men. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1992;13(4):389–411.
58.
LiuJ, KwanHK, LeeC, HuiC. Work-to-family spillover effects of workplace ostracism: The role of work-home segmentation preferences. Human Resource Management. 2013;52(1):75–93.
59.
PremchandranR, PriyadarshiP. Do boundary preferences, work-family self-efficacy and proactive personality predict job satisfaction? The mediating role of work-family enrichment. Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarshi. 2019;7(2):198–212.
60.
PurnamasariDI, editor The effect ofwork-family conflict on accountant career satisfaction moderated by gender, marital status, parental status and position. The 12th Asian Academic Accounting Association Annual Conference; 2011 Oct; Bali, Indonesia.
61.
PuenteACF, Sánchez-SánchezN. How gender-based disparities affect women’s job satisfaction? Evidence from euro-area. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement. 2021;156:137–65.
62.
BlauF, FerberM, dan WinklerA. The economics ofwomen, men, and work (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1998.
63.
Cortès-FranchI, Escribà-AgüirV, BenachJ, ArtazcozL. Employment stability and mental health in spain: Towards understanding the influence of gender and partner/marital status. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:425.
64.
WuJ, LiuL, HuangL. Consumer acceptance of mobile payment across time. Industrial Management & Data Systems. 2017;117(8):1761–76.
65.
JudgeTA, LockeEA, DurhamCC, KlugerAN. Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1998;83(1):17–34.
66.
AyyagariR, GroverV, PurvisR. Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly. 2011;35(4):831–58.
67.
HairJ, BlackW, BabinBJ, AndersonRE. Multivariate data analysis, 7th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2010.
68.
FornellC, LarckerDF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research. 1981;18(1):39–50.
69.
AikenLS, WestSG. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions1991–Sage PublicationsThousand Oaks, CA.
70.
LavnerJA, ClarkMA. Workload and marital satisfaction over time: Testing lagged spillover and crossover effects during the newlywed years. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2017;101:67–76.
71.
HalbeslebenJR, WheelerAR. To invest or not? The role of coworker support and trust in daily reciprocal gain spirals of helping behavior. Journal of Management. 2015;41(6):1628–50.
72.
NisafaniAS, KielyG, MahonyC. Workers’ technostress: A review of its causes, strains, inhibitors, and impacts. Journal of Decision System. 2020.
73.
FoucreaultA, Ollier-MalaterreA, MénardJ. Organizational culture and work–life integration: A barrier to employees’ respite?The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2016;29(16):2378–98.
74.
KimY-Y. How smart workers cope with techno-invasion stress in work domain. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society. 2021;12(3):261–72.
75.
LeeM, LIMKY. Do the technostress creators predict job satisfaction and teacher efficacy of primary school teachers in korea?Educational Technology International. 2020;21(1):69–95.
KreinerGE, HollensbeE, SheepM. Balancing borders and bridges: Negotiating the work-home interface via boundary work tactics. Academy of Management Journal. 2009;52(4):704–30.
78.
SonnentagS, BraunI. Not always a sweet home: Family and job responsibilities constrain recovery processes. In: Grzywacz JG, Demerouti E, editors. New frontiers in work and family research. New York: Psychology Press; 2013. pp. 71–92.
79.
PalmE, SeubertC, GlaserJ. Understanding employee motivation for work-to-nonwork integration behavior: A reasoned action approach. Journal of Business and Psychology. 2020;35:683–96.
80.
TarafdarM, CooperCL, StichJF. The technostress trifecta - techno eustress, techno distress and design: Theoretical directions and an agenda for research. Information Systems Journal. 2019;29(1):6–42.
81.
SpectorPE. Do not cross me: Optimizing the use of cross-sectional designs. Journal of Business and Psychology. 2019;34(2):125–137.
82.
DemeroutiE, BakkerAB, SonnentagS, FullagarCJ. Work-related flow and energy at work and at home: A study on the role of daily recovery. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2012;33(2):276–95.
83.
MaY, OfirT. Information technology use for work and technostress: Effects of power distance and masculinity culture dimensions. Cognition Technology & Work. 2019;21:145–57.
