Abstract
Recent developments in information technology and communication systems permit greater overall integration of technical, human and organizational systems. Evolutionary transitions from electronic data processing (EDP) and management information systems (MIS) are extended in new knowledge systems, decision support systems (DSS), expert systems (ES) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Increased integration permits developing more complete management support systems (MSS) with multiple options and interactive strategic management plans and controls.
‘The significance of interactive and integrative, systemic management is that it helps managers see a panorama instead of a limited picture. It builds added awareness and incorporates feedback into the overall dynamic practice of management’.
August W. Smith,
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