This article provides a full description of the state policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan on employment and adaptation of repatriates (oralmans) and identify problematic issues in this field. We paid attention to the main problems of repatriates in the homeland and analyzed the influence of oralmans on the internal labor migration in Kazakhstan.
OBJECTIVE:
This is the first independent study that investigates the Kazakh people who have returned from abroad, who form part of the population of internal labor migration.
METHODS:
Various study methods were used, including analysis and synthesis, comparison and observation.
RESULTS:
The authors analyzed historical aspects of the formation Kazakh diaspora and irredenta abroad, as well as provide information about the return of oralmans to the homeland. Furthermore, we separately examined the problems that oralmans face after returning to their homeland, and tried to identify the cause of each problem. The main problem was unemployment among oralmans. Because of the lack of a permanent job, oralmans often become subjects of internal labor migration.
CONCLUSIONS:
We analyzed various statistical data in terms of the numbers, formations, and dispositions of the oralmans. We furthermore analyzed the measures implemented by the state to solve existing problems. In the concluding part of the article, the authors give concrete recommendations on how to prevent the participation of oralmans in internal labor migration.
Themain socio-economic indicators. The officialwebsite of the Statistics Committee of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [updated 2019 May 10; cited 2019 May 12]. Available from: http://stat.gov.kz/faces/homePage?_adf.ctrl-state
2.
Reference materials in the field of migration. Official site of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of RK. [updated 2019 May 10; cited 2019 May 12]. Available from: http://www.enbek.gov.kz/en/taxonomy/term/521
3.
Ethnicmigration.Ministry ofLabor and Social Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [updated 2019 May 10; cited 2019 May 12]. Available from: http://www.enbek.gov.kz/en/taxonomy/term/521
4.
The number of ethnic Kazakhs migrating to Kazakhstan has reached one million. The Kazakh national portal: 27.09.2016. [updated 2019 May 10; cited 2019 May 12]. Available from: http://www.qazaquni.kz/2016/09/27/58587.html
ShapakUSh. Legal problems of organization of social adaptation and integration of repatriates. Righ & St. 2013;1(58):20–3.
7.
MendikulovaGM. Kazakh irredenta in Russia (history and modern times). Euras Comm. 1995;8:70–80.
8.
ChazanN. Irrenditism and International Politics. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 1991.
9.
EsmanML. Ethnic pluralism and international relations. Can Rev Stud in Nation. 1990;17(2-2):83–93.
10.
MendikulovaGN. The Kazakh diaspora and irredenta: History and modernity. 2003. [updated 2019 May 10; cited 2019 May 12]. Available from: http://www.kazakh.ru/news/articles/?a=8
11.
MendikulovaGM. Kazakh diaspora: History andmodernity. Almaty: Publishing center “Atazhurt” World Association of Kazakhs; 2006.
12.
Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. F. 698. Op. 4. D. 932. Ll. 2, pp. 6-7.
13.
ShefferG. Modern diasporas in international politics. London & Sydney; 1986.
14.
BrownRH. Migration and modernization: The Indian diaspora in comparative perspective. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary; 1987.
15.
ChenJ. The Chinese of America. San-Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers; 1980.
BaydarovEU. Social adaptation of the oralmans: Problems and prospects. In: Kazakh diaspora of Central Asia: History –culture –monuments: Materials of the International Scientific Conference. Almaty: Yeltanim Publishing House; 2014.
18.
National composition of the USSR population according to the data of the All-Union Population Census of 1989. Moscow: Finance and Statistics; 1991.
19.
PravdaKazakhstanskaya. Speech by President Nazarbayev N.A., No. 23.11.1991.
20.
HenrikA. Immigration of ethnic Kazakhs and migration and integration policies of Kazakhstan –for and/or against? In: Oralmans –ethnic Kazakhs in search of identity. Aspects of integration into modern Kazakhstan society. Part 1. Almaty/Taraz. Almaty: Iskander Printing House; 2009.
21.
DienerA. Problematic integration of Mongolian-Kazakh return migrants in Kazakhstan. Euras Geogr & Econ. 2005;46(6):465–78.
22.
KinaiatZ. Problems of protecting the rights and freedoms of the Kazakh diaspora. In: Kazakh Diaspora: Present and Future. Astana: Yelorda; 2005.
Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Migration of the Population” dated on 30th of December in 2016, No. 41-VI (with amendments and additions as of 04.07.2018); 2016.
25.
Migration: Collection of regulatory legal acts. Almaty: Lawyer; 2003.
26.
Assembly of the Acts of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. No. 33, 292 document; 1998.
27.
AsylbekovMKh, KozinaVV. Kazakhs: (demographic trends of the 80–90s). Almaty: “Erkenet” Publishing House; 2000.
28.
AbsattarovRB. National processes: Features and problems. Almaty: Glym; 1995.
29.
NurzhanovaA. Adaptation of oralmans in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Problems and solutions. In: Collection of materials of the international scientific-theoretical conference “Migration in Kazakhstan: Legal, economic, social and intercultural aspects”. Almaty: Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Center for Development of Legal Science and Education; 2013.
30.
BokaevBN, ZharkynbekovaShK. Repatriates of Kazakhstan: Ethno-linguistic identification and integration in society. SOTSIS. 2011;11:54–61.
31.
SuleimenovaSS. Problems of learning oralmans in the context of linguistic and communicative integration. In: Educational and civil (social) adaptation of representatives of the Kazakh diaspora at the preparatory departments of universities of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Mater Region. “Round table". Almaty: Duniezhuzi Kazaktarinin qauymdastygy “Atazhurt” baspa ortalygy; 2013.
32.
IsmagulovaOI, MendikulovaGM. Final report on the topic “Theoretical and practical aspects of the process of adaptation of repatriates in Kazakhstan (a comprehensive historical, ethnological and anthropological study)” for 2003-2005. Almaty: Publishing house; 2005.
33.
TatimovM. Influence of demographic migration processes on the internal political stability in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Sayasat: Ev, Probl, Anal of Forec. 1995;5:18–25.
34.
DoszhanovB. Socio-legal problems of adaptation of oralmans to Kazakhstan society. KazNU Bull: Leg Ser. 2008;2(46):123–6.
35.
LapinsW, AlffH, KazievaR. Oralmans are ethnic Kazakhs in search of identity. In: Aspects of integration into the modern Kazakhstani general. Almaty/Taraz. Almaty: Atamura; 2009.
36.
Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 2, 2008 No. 1126 “On Approval of the “Nurly Kash” Program for 2009-2011”. [updated 2019 May 10; cited 2019 May 12]. Available from: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P080001126_
37.
KholodM, LyandauY, MaslennikovV, KalininaI, MrochkovskiyN. Upper level processes and projects model building. Smart Innov, Syst & Techn. 2019;143:267–76.
38.
MaxyutovaAF, AdievaAA, DzhangazievKI, TynymseitovaNM, AbikovaAK. The labor market effects of migration in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Int J Civ Engin & Techn. 2018;9(11):2007–13.
39.
AliakbarovaAP, DukenbaevaZO, AbdildinaBS. Kazakh diaspora in Mongolia, China and Turkey and the repatriation program. Opcion. 2018;34(85):725–38.
40.
WernerCA, EmmelhainzC, BarcusH. Privileged exclusion in post-soviet Kazakhstan: Ethnic return migration, citizenship, and the politics of (not) belonging. Eur-As Stud. 2017;69(10):1557–83.
41.
BodaukhanK, BauerMS, BermukhambetovaBB, KochiigitZ, OkutayevaST. Recommendations on the attraction of ethnic migrants in the agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Espacios. 2017;38(62):8.
42.
KenzhinZ, ErzhanovaZ, SultanovaM, BeisembayevaG, AmangaliyevaZ. The ways to improve the human resource management in order to optimize the migration processes within the ces member countries. Int J Appl Bus & Econ Res. 2015;14(9):5737–54.
SultanovK, AbishevT. (Eds.). Special Report “On the Situation of the Rights of Oralman, Stateless Persons and Refugees in the Republic of Kazakhstan". Astana: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 2012.
46.
SupriyantoS. Compensation effects on job satisfaction and performance. Hum Syst Manag. 2018;37(3):281–5.
47.
WulandariSS. Employee commitment and service performance. Hum Syst Manag. 2019;37(4):381–6.
