Prevalence of calcium and vitamin D deficiency and their association with feto-maternal outcomes in a sample of Iranian pregnant women

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Calcium and vitamin D deficiency is common among Iranian women of childbearing age and poses adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D and calcium in a sample of Iranian pregnant women and to assess its correlation with the feto-maternal outcomes.

METHODS:

In this prospective cross-sectional study, a sample of pregnant women between 15 to 45 years who were in the third trimester were recruited from a number of hospitals in Tehran. Data were collected by the means of a self-developed questionnaire, interviews, physical examination, and paraclinical tests including measuring the serum level of calcium, vitamin D, parathormone (PTH) and phosphorous (Pi). The questionnaire obtained information on age, level of education, socio-economic status, parity, gravidity, calcium intake during pregnancy, as well as feto-maternal outcomes.

RESULTS:

We included a total number of 233 singleton pregnancies. Most of the subjects (58.4%) had vitamin D deficiency and 12.0% suffered from severe vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was adversely associated with the years of education ( $p=$ 0.007), serum level of parathormone ( $p<$ 0.001). The Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) ( $p<$ 0.001), the exercise sequence per week ( $p<$ 0.001), sun exposure ( $p<$ 0.001), higher rate of sunscreen usage ( $p=$ 0.011) and higher BMI ( $p=$ 0.005). Vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher rate of cesarean delivery ( $p=$ 0.024), higher rate of diastolic hypertension ( $p=$ 0.019), higher rate of neonatal jaundice ( $p=$ 0.009) and higher rate of neonatal respiratory infections ( $p<$ 0.001). Serum level of PTH was a significant risk factor for severe vitamin D deficiency while calcium D supplementation, MET and sunscreen were significant protective factors.

CONCLUSION:

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy among Iranian women is extremely high and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including cesarean delivery, neonatal jaundice and neonatal respiratory infections. Low vitamin D supplementation and sun exposure, lack of physical activity and high BMI are the etiologies. Increasing the knowledge along with vitamin D supplementation during the pregnancy is recommended in Iranian population.

Keywords

Calcium deficiency dietary supplements low birth weight infant parathyroid hormone peripartum period phosphorus pregnancy pregnancy outcome vitamin D

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