Some haematological parameters,copper and selenium level among children of African descent with sickle cell disease in Specialist Hospital Sokoto,Nigeria

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder of haemoglobin causing myriad of pathology including anaemia.

OBJECTIVES:

The aim of this study was to evaluate some haematological parameters and trace elements of total of forty-five (45) children with Sickle cell disease attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto.

METHOD:

Twenty-five (25) apparently healthy children which were assessed as controls. The haematological parameters were determined using automated method and trace elements (copper and selenium) were determined using colorimetric and atomic absorption spectrophotometry method respectively.

RESULTS:

The Mean WBC and PLT was significantly higher among sickle cell disease subjects when compared to controls individuals ( $p<$ 0.05). The Mean RBC, HCT, HGB, MCV, MCH and MCHC was significantly lower among Sickle cell disease patients when compared to controls ( $p<$ 0.05). The Mean Copper and Selenium value was significantly lower (40.4 $\pm$ 1.44 $\mu$ g/dl and 54.6 $\pm$ 1.60 ng/ml) among Sickle cell disease subjects compared to controls (75.6 $\pm$ 1.30 $\mu$ g/dl and 86.3 $\pm$ 2.30 ng/ml) ( $p<$ 0.05). The WBC, HGB, HGT and Copper values of Sickle cell disease subjects shows a weak positive put non-statistically significant correlation with age ( $p>$ 0.05). The RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, and Selenium values of sickle cell disease patients shows a negative non-statistically significant correlation indicating that the selenium level decreases as the age increases ( $p<$ 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

This study shows that the WBC and platelet count was significantly higher among sickle cell disease subjects compared to controls. The RBC, HCT, HGB, MCV, MCH and MCHC were significantly lower among sickle cell disease patients compared to controls. The serum copper and selenium levels were significantly lower among sickle cell subjects compared to controls. We recommend that trace elements (copper and selenium) and haematological parameters be monitored routinely among sickle cell disease children to optimize the care offered to these individuals.

Keywords

Haematological parameters copper selenium children sickle cell disease in specialist hospital sokoto nigeria

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Umar

, Sickle cell anaemia: Prevention and control, http://www.gamji.com/article5000/new5314.htm. (2010).

Emechebe

G.O.

et al., Sickle Cell Disease in Nigeria-A Review, IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) 16(1) (2017), 87–94.

Inusa

B.P.

et al., Sickle cell disease screening in northern nigeria: The co-existence of B-thalassemia inheritance, Pediatric Therapeutic Journal 5 (2015), 262.

World Health Organization, Report by the secretariat of the fifth-ninth World Assembly: A59/9 (2006).

Makani

et al., Malaria in patients with sickle cell anaemia: Burden, risk factors, and outcome at the outpatient clinic and during hospitalization, Blood 115(2) (2010), 215–220.

Makani

Williams

T.N.

and Marsh

, Sickle cell disease in Africa: burden and research priorities, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 101 (2007), 3–14.

Jiya

N.M.

et al., Sickle cell anaemia: A prevalence study among the children attending usmanu danfodiyo university teaching hospital, Sokoto, North-Western NigeriaAmerica Journal of Medicine and Health 2(2) (2017), 1–8.

Monica

, District laboratory practice, (2nd ed), Cambridge University Press, (2008), 337–340.

Okpala

et al., Comprehensive care of sickle cell disease, European Journal of Haemotology (68) (2002), 157–162.

10.

Piel

F.B.

et al., Global burden of sickle cell anaemia in children under five, 2010–2050: Modelling based on demographics, excess mortality, and interventions, PLoS Medical (10) (2013), 1001484.

11.

Rees

D.C.

Williams

T.N.

and Gladwin

M.T.

, Sickle-cell disease, Lancet 376 (2010), 2018–2031.

12.

Serjeant

G.R.

and Serjeant

B.E.

, Sickle cell diseases (3rd ed), New York: Oxford University Press (2001).

13.

Anie

K.A.

Egunjobi

F.E.

and Akinyanju

O.O.

, Psychosocial impact of sickle cell disorders, perspective from a Nigeria setting, Globalization and Health 6 (2010), 1–6.

14.

da Silva

J.G.B.

Daher

E.F.

and da Rocha

F.A.

, Osteoarticular involvement in sickle cell disease, Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 34(2) (2012), 156–164.

15.

Adewoyin

A.S.

, Management of sickle cell disease: A review for physician education in Nigeria (sub-Saharan Africa), Anemia (2015), 791498.

16.

Walker

S.P.

et al., Child development: Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries, Lancet 369 (2007), 145–157.

17.

Tapiero

Townsend

D.M.

and Tew

K.D.

, Trace elements in human physiology and pathology Copper, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 57(9) (2003), 386–398.

18.

Osredkar

and Sustar

, Copper and Zinc, Biological Role and Significance of Copper/Zinc Imbalance, Journal of Clinical Toxicology (2011), S3:001. doi: 10.4172/21610495.S3-001.

19.

Bonham

et al., The immune system as a physiological indicator of marginal copper status? British Journal of Nutrition 87 (2002), 393–403.

20.

Araya

et al., Understanding copper homeostasis in humans and copper effects on health, Biological Research 39 (2006), 183–187.

21.

Kryukov

G.V.

et al., Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes, Science 300 (2003), 1439–1443.

22.

Mix

Lobanov

A.V.

and Gladyshev

V.N.

, SECIS elements in the coding regions of selenoproteins transcripts are functional in higher eukaryotes, Nucleic Acids Research 35 (2007), 414–423.

23.

Farrell

et al., Sickle cell anemia as a disease of oxygen transport: Possible implications for the prevention of sickle cell crises, Blood 114(22) (2009), 4617.

24.

Ricker

and Muench

, Copper deficiency as cause of unexplained hematologic and neurologic deficits in patient with prior gastrointestinal surgery, Journal of American Board of Family Medicine 19 (2006), 191–194.

25.

Digban

A.K.

et al., Evaluation of some micronutrients in sickle cell disease, International Journal of Innovative Research and Development 5 (8) (2016), 309–311.

26.

Mathias

A.E.

and Maryam

O.M.

, Impact of fetal hemoglobin on micronutrients in sickle cell anaemia, Journal of Applied Hematology 6 (2015), 74–78.

27.

NPC/FGN, Nigerian population commission, federal republic of nigeria. Special FGN Gazette No. 23 on the 2006 Population Census (2006).

28.

Ochei

and Kolhatkar

, Medical laboratory science theory and practice, (2003), 323–325.

29.

Lewis

S.A.

Hardison

N.W.

and Veillon

, Comparison of isotope dilution mass spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction for determination of plasma selenium, Analytical Chemistry 58 (1986), 1272–1273.

30.

Paschal

D.C.

and Kimberly

M.M.

, Automated direct determination of selenium in serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomic Spectrophotometry 7 (1986), 75–78.

31.

Ashutosh

et al., Blackwell: Sickle cell disease, In Postgraduate Haematology (5th (2005)

ed.)

, pp 104–118.

32.

Weatherall

D.J.

, Hemoglobinopathies worldwide: Present and future, Current Molecular Medicine 8(7) (2008), 592–599.

33.

Modell

and Darlison

, Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators, Bull World Health Organization 86 (2008), 480–487.

34.

Chang

Y.C.

et al., An analysis of fetal hemoglobin variation in sickle cell disease: The relative contributions of the X-linked factor, beta-globin haplotypes, alpha globin gene number, gender and age, Blood 85(4) (1995), 1111–1117.

35.

Rajaratnam

J.K.

et al., Neonatal, post neonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970–2010: A systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4, Lancet 375(9730) (2010), 1988–2008.

36.

Garba

et al., Evaluation of trace elements in adult sickle cell anaemia patients in zaria, north western nigeria, Journal of Blood Disorder and Transfusion 7 (2016), 347.

37.

Khalid

A.A.

and Omar

F.I.

, Assessment of renal function tests, copper and selenium, 2015.

38.

Arinola

O.G.

Olaniyi

J.A.

and Akiibinu

M.O.

, Evaluation of antioxidant levels and trace element status in nigerian sickle cell disease patients with plasmodium parasitaemia, Journal of Nutrition 7(6) (2008), 766–769.

39.

John

K.N.

et al., Trace elements deficiency in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease, British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 4(21) (2014), 3878–3883.

40.

Nnodim

J.K.

et al., Trace elements deficiency in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease, British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 4 (2014), 3878–3883.

41.

Bot

Y.S.

et al., Analyses of Cu and Zn in serum of sickle cell disease patients in Jos, African Journal of Biochemistry 1 (2013), 001–004.

42.

Mahyar

et al., Zinc and copper status in children with Beta-thalassemia major, Iran Journal of Pediatrics 20 (2010), 297–302.

43.

Okpuzor

and Okochi

V.I.

, Micro-nutrients as therapeutic tools in the management of sickle cell anaemia, African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (5) (2009), 416–420.

44.

Mozos

, Mechanisms linking red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases, Biomed Res Int (2015), 682054.

45.

Jaiser

S.R.

and Winston

G.P.

, Copper deficiency myelopathy, Journal of Neurology 257 (2010), 869–881.

46.

Halfdanarson

T.R.

et al., Hematological manifestations of copper deficiency: A retrospective review, European Journal of Haematology 80 (2008), 523–531.

47.

Klevay

L.M.

, “Myelodysplasia, “ myeloneuropathy, and copper deficiency, Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81 (2006), 132.

48.

Arinola

O.G.

Olaniyi

J.A.

and Akiibinu

M.O.

, Evaluation of antioxidant levels and trace element status in nigerian sickle cell disease patients with plasmodium parasitaemia, Journal of Nutrition 7(6) (2008), 766–769.

49.

Savarino

Granchi

and Ciapetti

, Serum concentrations of zinc and selenium in elderly people: results in healthy nonagenarians/centenarians, Experimental Gerontology 36 (2001), 327–339.

50.

Jozanov-Stankov

et al., Selenium intake as a modulator of responsiveness to oxidative stress, Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology Oncology 17 (1998), 251–257.

51.

Burk

R.F.

and Levander

O.A.

, Selenium, In Modern nutrition in health and disease, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (9

{}^{\rm th}

ed.), (1999), pp 265–276.

52.

El-Behairy

EI-Bassousy

and Diwany

K.M.

, Manual of paediatrics, University Book Centre (1997), pp 16.

53.

Mckenzie

R.C.

Rafferly

T.S.

and Beckett

C.J.

, Selenium: An essential element for immune function, Immunology 19 (1998), 342–345.

54.

Levander

O.A.

, Nutrition and newly emerging viral diseases, An overview, Nutrition 127 (1997), 9485–9490.

55.

Zimmerman

M.B.

and Kohrle

, The impact of iron and selenium deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: biochemistry and relevance to public health, Thyroid 12 (2002), 867–878.

56.

Combs

G.F.

, Food system-based approaches to improving micronutrient nutrition: the case for selenium, Biofactors 12 (2000), 39–43.

57.

Singh

, Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development, Indian Journal of Pediatrics 71(1) (2004), 59–62.

58.

Beck

M.A.

Levander

and Hand

, Selenium deficiency and viral infection, Journal Nutrition 133 (2003), 14635–14675.

59.

Akodu

S.O.

Njokanma

O.F.

and Adeolukehinde

, Erythrocyte indices in pre-school Nigerian children with sickle cell anaemia in steady state, International Journal of Hematology/Oncology Stem Cell Research 9(1) (2015), 5–9.

60.

Ilesanmi

O.O.

, Pathological basis of symptoms and crises in sickle cell disorder: Implications for counseling and psychotherapy, Hematol Rep 2(1) (2010), e2.

61.

Ashutosh

et al., Blackwell: Sickle cell disease, In Postgraduate Haematology (5th ed.) (2005), pp 104–118.

62.

Sherwood

J.B.

Goldwesser

and Chilcoat

, Sickle cell anaemia patients have low erythropoietin levels for their degree of anaemia, Blood 67 (1987), 46–49.

63.

Kaul

D.K.

Fabry

M.E.

and Nagel

R.I.

, The pathophysiology of vascular obstruction in the sickle cell syndrome, Blood Reviews 10 (1996), 29–44.

64.

Abbas

, Haematological parameters in Sudanese children with sickle cell disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2(2) (2014), 20–32.

65.

Dacie

J.V.

and Lewis

S.M.

, Investigation of abnormal haemoglobins and thalassaemia, Practical Haematology, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh (1994), pp 249–286.

66.

Konotey-Ahulu

F.I.D.

, The sickle cell disease patient, Macmillan, Hong Kong (1992), pp 341–348.

67.

Swerlick

R.A.

et al., Alpha 4 beta1integrin expression on sickle reticulocytes: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 dependent binding to endothelium, Blood 82(6) (1993), 1891–1899.

68.

Francis

R.B.

and Johnson

C.S.

, Vascular occlusion in sickle cell disease: Current concepts and unanswered questions, Blood 77 (1991), 1405–1414.

69.

Setty

B.N.

Chen

and Stuart

M.J.

, Sickle red blood cells stimulate endothelial cell production of eicosanoids and diacylglycerol, Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 128 (1996), 313–321.

70.

Gee

B.E.

and Platt

O.S.

, Sickle reticulocytes adhere to VCAM-1, Blood 85 (1995), 268–274.

71.

Francis

R.B.

and Johnson

C.S.

, Vascular occlusion in sickle cell disease: Current concepts and unanswered questions, Blood 77 (1991), 1405–1414.

72.

Hebbel

R.P.

Schwartz

R.S.

and Mohandas

, The adhesive sickle erythrocyte: Cause and consequence of abnormal interactions with endothelium, monocytes/macrophages and model membranes, Clinical Haematology 14 (1) (1985), 141–161.

73.

Ugwu

A.O.

et al., Clinical and laboratory predictors of frequency of painful crises among sickle cell anaemia patients in nigeria, J Clin Diagn Res 11(6) (2017), EC22–EC25.

74.

Omoti

C.E.

, Haematological values in sickle cell anaemia in steady state and during vaso-occlusive crisis in Benin City, Nigeria, Annals of African Medicine 4(2) (2005), 62–67.

75.

Freedman

M.L.

and Kapartkin

, Elevated platelet count and mega thrombocyte number in sickle cell anemia, Blood 46 (1975), 579–582.

76.

de Sauvage

F.J.

Hass

P.E.

Spencer

S.D.

, Stimulation of magakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by the c-Mpl ligand, Nature 369(6481) (1994), 533–538.

77.

Miller

S.T.

Sleeper

L.A.

and Pegalow

C.H.

, Predictions of adverse outcomes in children with sickle cell disease, a report from the cooperative study (CSSCD), New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000), 83–89.

78.

Mehta

and Mehta

, Abnormalities of platelet aggregation in sickle cell disease, Journal of Pediatric 96(2) (1980), 209–213.

79.

Akodu

S.O.

Njokanma

O.F.

and Adeolu

, Kehinde Erythrocyte indices in Pre-school Nigerian Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Steady State, Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 9(1) (2015), 5–9.

80.

Ugwu

A.O.

et al., Clinical and laboratory predictors of frequency of painful crises among sickle cell anaemia patients in nigeria, J Clin Diagn Res 11(6) (2017), EC22–EC25.

81.

Rao

S.S.

, et al., Hematological profile of sickle cell disease from South Gujarat, India, Hematology Reports 4(2) (2012), 8.

82.

Vichinsky

E.P.

et al., Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: Clinical presentation and course, Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease, Blood 89(5) (1997), 787–1792.

83.

Bunn

H.F.

, Pathogenesis and treatment of sickle cell disease, New England Journal of Medicine 337(11) (1997), 762–769.

84.

Halasa

N.B.

et al., Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease among individuals with sickle cell disease before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Clinical Infectious Disease 44(11) (2007), 1428–1433.

85.

Ataga

K.I.

et al., Efficacyand safety of the Gardos channel blocker, senicapoc (ICA-17043), in patients with sickle cell anemia, Blood 111(8) (2008), 3991–3997.

86.

Inati

et al., Beta globin gene cluster haplotypes and HbF levels are not the only modulators of sickle cell disease in Lebanon, European Journal of Haematology 70(2) (2003), 79–83.

87.

Singh

, Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development, Indian Journal of Pediatrics 71(1) (2004), 59–62.

88.

Brousse

Makani

and Rees

D.C.

, Management of sickle cell disease in the community, BMJ 348 (2014), g1765.