Abstract
Three small programming languages are introduced: a procedural one, an applicative one and a functional one (here functional is always meant in the sense of “functional in the style of Backus”). For each of them mathematical (denotational) and operational semantics are defined. Then the similarities and differences between these three languages with respect to mathematical semantics, operational semantics, syntactic and notational properties are discussed in detail. Specific attention is paid to the notion of program variable
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