Intraoperative pain prediction of percutaneous kyphoplasty under local anesthesia by preoperative experimental pain assessment

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) is the preferred treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) Currently, the preoperative anesthesia methods for PKP are mainly local anesthesia and tracheal intubation general anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE:

To assess whether patient sensitivity to pain measured preoperatively could predict the patients’ pain response during PKP treatment under local anesthesia, to facilitate the development of an optimal preoperative anesthesia plan for patients.

METHODS:

Fifty-five female patients diagnosed with osteoporotic single vertebral fracture who were treated with PKP under local anesthesia were selected. The patients’ pain sensitivities, including pain threshold and pain tolerance threshold, were evaluated with a pain test device on the day before the operation in the ward. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were recorded before anesthesia, post-anesthesia, after needle puncture, and after balloon dilatation. At the same time, blood was drawn at the above time points to determine the level of norepinephrine (NA) as an indicator of intraoperative pain stress response. The numerical rating scale (NRS) during surgery was recorded at the end of the surgery.

RESULTS:

The preoperative pain tolerance threshold of 55 surgical patients was correlated with the intraoperative NRS score ( $r=-$ 0.768, $P<$ 0.001), as well as with the preoperative and intraoperative changes in HR ( $r=-$ 0.791, $P<$ 0.001), MAP ( $r=-$ 0.819, $P<$ 0.001), and NA ( $r=-$ 0.553, $P<$ 0.001). Thus, the lower the preoperative pain tolerance threshold, the more severe the patient’s response to pain during PKP treatment under local anesthesia, and the greater the hemodynamic changes. Consequently, the intraoperative experience becomes worse. However, there was no correlation between preoperative pain threshold and NRS scores ( $r=-$ 0.069, $P=$ 0.616) nor between the preoperative and intraoperative changes in HR ( $r=$ 0.103, $P=$ 0.453), MAP ( $r=$ 0.086, $P=$ 0.535), and NA ( $r=-$ 0.058, $P=$ 0.674).

CONCLUSION:

The results indicated that preoperative pain assessment could predict the level of pain response in OVCF patients during PKP surgery under local anesthesia.