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Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

High-intensity laser therapy (HILT) has recently been used to control pain and symptom improvement in knee osteoarthritis. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of HILT in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

METHODS:

We conducted a search of articles in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases up to March 2020 for randomized controlled trials investigating HILT intervention, placebo, or active intervention as comparator groups for alleviating pain in knee osteoarthritis. Two independent reviewers evaluated the methodological quality and extracted pain and functional outcomes using a pre-specified form. A meta-analysis was performed using an inverse-variance random effect model. Heterogeneity was assessed using Higgins I ${}^{2}$ with $p$ -values.

RESULTS:

Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this meta-analysis. For VAS pain, 334 patients from four studies showed that HILT significantly decreased pain compared to the control (MD, $-$ 1.18; 95% CI, $-$ 1.68 to $-$ 0.69). HILT significantly improved WOMAC stiffness (SMD $-$ 1.00; 95% CI $-$ 1.32, $-$ 0.68) and function (SMD, $-$ 5.36; 95% CI $-$ 7.39 to $-$ 3.34) compared to the control.

CONCLUSION:

The effectiveness of HILT on pain, stiffness, and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis is promising. However, due to the limited number of studies, further randomized controlled trials with large, well-designed samples are needed.

Keywords

High-intensity laser therapy HILT knee osteoarthritis meta-analysis pain systematic review

1. Introduction

Knee osteoarthritis is a difficult to cure, yet common disease accompanied by disability in the elderly [1]. The most common symptoms are pain and functional limitations [2]. The main aims of the treatment are symptom improvement and prevention of disease progression.

Treatment methods include medication, physiotherapy, exercise, and surgery. Laser therapy has low adverse reactions and is noninvasive and painless. In particular, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a known physical modality in patients with osteoarthritis. However, literature shows that the results of this method may vary. One systematic review showed that LLLT did not significantly improve the pain, stiffness, and function, when compared with a placebo in patients with knee osteoarthritis [3]. However, a significant improvement in the pain, stiffness, and function in LLLT versus placebo was recently reported in an update [4].

High-intensity laser therapy (HILT) has recently been used for pain control. Although it was first applied to destroy tissues, it is now being used to treat joint pain [5, 6]. It can stimulate larger and deeper targets than the LLLT [7]. Due to its higher power than low-level lasers, HILT has a shorter laser emission time and a longer laser emission interval [8]. This new type of HILT has been shown to have a positive effect on pain reduction in various types of musculoskeletal pain, including chronic low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and lateral epicondylitis [9, 10, 11].

A systematic review of the effectiveness of HILT in patients with knee osteoarthritis was conducted until August 2017 [12]; however, a well-designed randomized controlled trial was published in 2018 [13]. In addition, a previous systematic review did not report the pooled estimate of the effectiveness of HILT. Thus, we sought to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to investigate the effectiveness of HILT on pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

2. Methods

2.1 Literature search

We searched for articles in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases from inception to March 14, 2020. Only HILT-related terms were used and disease-related terms were not included for a higher sensitivity of the search strategy (Supplementary Table 1). In Web of Science, the word ‘pain’ was added to the search. MeSH terms and text words such as “high-intensity laser” and “HILT” were used as part of the search strategy.

2.2 Study selection

Two independent reviewers selected the studies. In the scenario of a difference of opinion between the two reviewers, the selection was discussed with a third reviewer. The inclusion criteria were adult patients with knee osteoarthritis, HILT intervention (power 500 mW or more) [14], placebo or active intervention such as LLLT as comparator groups, those who reported pain relief as the primary outcome, randomized controlled trials (RCT) regardless of double-blindness, and peer-reviewed original articles. Studies were excluded if they did not include humans, pain associated with disease, or were reviews or abstracts.

2.3 Quality assessment

The risk of bias (ROB) was used for the quality assessment of the RCT study design [15]. We estimated seven criteria including random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and funding source. Low, unclear, and high levels were assessed for each criterion. Two reviewers conducted the quality assessment and another person joined the discussion if there was a difference in opinion.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow diagram of study selections.

2.4 Data extraction

Two independent reviewers conducted the data extraction using a pre-specified data extraction form. Data on diagnosis, sample size, interventions, co-interventions, mean age and standard deviation (SD), the percentage of men, Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) radiological stage [16], evaluation point, country, and outcomes were extracted. The primary outcome of interest was pain and secondary outcomes were stiffness and function using a disease-specific instrument. For the HILT intervention, we collected data on the laser type, wavelength, average output, energy density, J per point, total dose, application time, frequency of treatment, and number of repetitions.

2.5 Data analyses

The primary outcome of our study was pain; additionally, knee stiffness and function were secondary outcomes. The pooled estimate was analyzed using an inverse-variance random effect model for continuous variables considering high heterogeneity. Mean difference (MD) for visual analogue scale (VAS) pain was conducted due to the same unit, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was utilized for the measurement of different units. To combine outcomes, we used mean, SD, and the number of patients. If standard error (SE) or $p$ -value was reported, SD was calculated using an equation by the Cochrane group [17]. In the base-case analysis, we prioritized the placebo comparison group and subsequently the active comparison group (e.g., LLLT). If the study reported outcomes of more than one group of HILT, we used the combined mean and SD for meta-analysis by the Cochrane group [18, 19]. If the study reported pain scores with several measurements except for VAS, we chose the results of after-treatment when the baseline scores between the HILT control groups were similar.

Heterogeneity was assessed visually using a forest plot and Higgins I ${}^{2}$ with the $p$ -value. A funnel plot and Egger’s and Begg’s tests were conducted to identify publication bias. Based on the Cochrane guidelines [18], Egger’s and Begg’s tests could not be applied if fewer than 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed for HILT with or without exercise, follow-up period, and active comparator groups. RevMan version 5.3 was used for the meta-analysis.

3. Results

3.1 Literature search

A total of 1,182 articles were identified during the initial search (Fig. 1). After excluding duplicate articles, the title or abstract was screened for 1,043 articles. We reviewed 85 full-text articles and 80 articles were excluded because they did not include patients with knee osteoarthritis or a HILT therapy group, contained ineligible study designs, no interest outcomes reported, or were not original peer-reviewed studies. Finally, six articles were included in this meta- analysis [13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].

Table 1
Study characteristics of randomized controlled trials for high-intensity laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Study	Diagnosis	Sample size and intervention	Co- interventions	Mean age (SD)	Male	K-L radiological stage	Evaluation	Country	Outcome measure
Alayat et al. 2017	Knee osteoarthritis	HILT $+$ GCS $+$ Ex 23 GCS $+$ Ex 22 PL $+$ Ex 22	NR	53.85 (4.39)	100.0%	– Grade I: 15% – Grade II: 39% – Grade III: 46%	– 6 weeks – 3 months	Saudi Arabia	Pain assessment – VAS – WOMAC pain Stiffness/function assessment – WOMAC stiffness – WOMAC function
Angelova et al. 2016	Knee osteoarthritis	HILT 35 PL 37	NR	HILT 65.11 (1.40), PL 64.71 (1.98)	31.4%	NR	– 1 week – 1 month – 3 months	Bulgaria	Pain assessment – VAS at rest
Gworys et al. 2012	Knee osteoarthritis	HILT 30 LLLT 34	NR	HILT 65.4 (9.6), PL 57.6 (11.8)		NR	– 2 weeks	Poland	Pain assessment – VAS – Modified Latinen pain index – Lequesne’s scale
Kheshie et al. 2014	Knee osteoarthritis	HILT $+$ Ex 20 LLLT $+$ Ex 18 PL $+$ Ex 15	NR	54.6 (8.49)	100.0%	– Grade II: 75% – Grade III: 25%	– 6 weeks	Saudi Arabia	Pain assessment – VAS – WOMAC pain Stiffness/function assessment – WOMAC stiffness – WOMAC function
Kim et al. 2009	Knee osteoarthritis	HILT 14 PL 14	NSAIDs	HILT 60.6, PL 61.6	0%	– Grade II: 100%	– 6 months	South Korea	Pain assessment – VAS – KSCRS pain Stiffness/function assessment – KSCRS stiffness – WOMAC function
Nazari et al. 2018	Knee osteoarthritis	HILT $+$ Ex 30 CPT $+$ Ex 30 Ex 30	Acetaminophen (if necessary)	HILT $+$ Ex 61.5 (3.9), CPT $+$ Ex 62.4 (3.14), Ex 32.2 (3.87)	45.6%	– Grade II: 60% – Grade III: 40%	– 4 weeks – 12 weeks	Iran	Pain assessment – VAS – WOMAC pain Stiffness/function assessment – WOMAC stiffness – WOMAC function

K-L: Kellgren and Lawrence, HILT: high-intensity laser therapy, GCS: glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate, Ex: exercise, NR: not reported, VAS: visual analogue scale, WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, PL: placebo laser, NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, KRCRS: Knee Society Clinical Rating System, CPT: conventional physical therapy.

Table 2

Study protocols of randomized controlled trials for high-intensity laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Study	Type of laser/ wavelength	Output power/ energy density	Total dose (energy) per session	Application time/no. of total session/ no. of
sessions
per week	Application sites	Method of application
Alayat et al. 2017	Pulsed Nd:YAG laser/1,064 nm	Very high peak power 3 kW, average power 10.5 W, average energy density 15 J/cm ${}^{2}$	3000 J	7 minutes/ 12/2	Anterior and posterior knee surface (anteromedial and lateral surfaces, posteromedial and lateral surface)	1. Initial scanning: each level 250 J, a total of 750 J – level I: energy density of 1430 mJ/cm ${}^{2}$ , frequency of 30 Hz, in 30.4 seconds – level II: energy density of 1530 mJ/cm ${}^{2}$ , frequency of 25 Hz in 34 seconds – level III: energy density of 1780 mJ/cm ${}^{2}$ , frequency of 20 Hz in 36.6 seconds 2. Final phase: as same the first phase and slow scanning, a total of 750 J
Angelova et al. 2016	Semiconductive neodymium laser IV/1,064 nm	Maximal power 12 W	3300 J	12 minutes/ 7/7	Medial and lateral sides of the knee (intraarticular and periarticular tissues)	1. First three procedures: dose 12 J/cm ${}^{2}$ $=$ 300 J, treated area of 25 cm ${}^{2}$ , 2 minutes, 25 Hz frequency 2. Next 4 sessions: dose 120 J/cm ${}^{2}$ $=$ 3000 J, treated area 25 cm ${}^{2}$ , 10 min
Gworys et al. 2012	Synchronised two-wave laser emitted by an MLS device and one-wave laser/ 808 nm, 905 mn	HILT 1: power 1100 mW, energy density 6.21 J/cm ${}^{2}$ HILT 2: power 1100 mW, energy density 3.28 J/cm ${}^{2}$	HILT 1: 148.8 J ${}^{}$ HILT 2: 79.2 J ${}^{}$	NR/5/2	Medial and lateral aspect of the knee joint gap, patellofemoral joint on the superior and inferior aspect of the joint, and popliteal fossa	12 points of knee joint • HILT 1: MLS laser irradiation (power 1100 mW, frequency 2000 Hz, dose 12.4 J/point, energy density 6.21 J/cm ${}^{2}$ ) • HILT 2: MLS laser irradiation (power 1100 mW, frequency 2000 Hz, dose 6.6 J/point, energy den sity 3.28 J/cm ${}^{2}$ )
Kheshie et al. 2014	Pulsed Nd:YAG laser	NR	1250 J	15 minutes/ 12/2	Anterior, medial, and lateral aspects of the knee joint between tibial and femoral epicondyles	1. Initial phase: two successive subphase of 710 and 810 mJ/cm ${}^{2}$ , a total of 500 J 2. Intermediate phase: 25 J, a fluency of 610 mJ/cm ${}^{2}$ , 14 second for each point, a total of 1,250 J 3. Final phase: as same the initial phase and slow scanning, a total of 500 J
Kim et al. 2009	Nd:YAG laser	NR	3000 J	6 minutes/ 15/5	6 sites of femur and patella	500 J per 60 seconds for 6 sites • Prone position: Posterior side of the condyle of the femur, the internal and external hemirima of the knee over the popliteal fossa at knee extension state • Supine position: Anterior condyle of the femur, the internal and external hemirima of the knee 60–70 ${}^{\circ}$ flexion • Supine position: Posterior side of the patella, the lateral and medial windows at 30 ${}^{\circ}$ knee flexion state
Nazari et al. 2018	Pulsed mode of E20780 Nd:YAG laser/1,064 nm	Peak power 5 W, energy density 60 J/cm ${}^{2}$	2400 J	8 minutes/ 12/3	Medial and lateral sides of the knee	• Slow manual scanning in longitudinal and perpendicular direction on the medical and lateral sides of the knee with 6-cm probe • Supine position and the knee flexed at 30 ${}^{\circ}$ for 8 min, at a frequency of 30 Hz with a peak power of 5 W (which is below the level of HILT power in other studies), a duty cycle of 70%, energy density of 60 J/cm ${}^{2}$ , and total energy of 2400 J during one session

${}^{*}$ Total dose per session was calculated using 12 point per session and dose per point (12.4 J/point in HILT 1 group and 6.6 J/point in HILT 2 group). Nd:YAG: neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, MLS: Multi-wave Locked System.

Table 3

Quality assessment of included studies using Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (ROBANS). (a) ROBANS graph, (b) ROBANS summary $+$ : low risk of bias; $-$ : high risk of bias.

3.2 General characteristics of the included studies

Table 4
Subgroup analysis of HILT versus control in VAS pain for knee osteoarthritis

Subgroup	Studies, $n$	Patients, $n$	Random effects, MD [95% CI]	Effect $P$	I ${}^{2}$	Heterogeneity $P$
Exercise co-intervention
With exercise	3	140	$-$ 1.51 [ $-$ 1.74, $-$ 1.28]	$<$ 0.001	0%	0.38
Without exercise	3	194	$-$ 0.68 [ $-$ 1.14, $-$ 0.23]	0.003	40%	0.19
Follow up period
2 weeks	1	94	$-$ 0.25 [ $-$ 1.02, 0.52]	0.53	–	–
4 weeks (1 month)	2	105	$-$ 1.85 [ $-$ 2.73, $-$ 0.98]	$<$ 0.001	90%	0.002
6 weeks	2	107	$-$ 1.11 [ $-$ 2.38, 0.15]	0.08	96%	$<$ 0.001
12 weeks (3 months)	3	177	$-$ 1.15 [ $-$ 1.82, $-$ 1.18]	$<$ 0.001	93%	$<$ 0.001
6 months	1	28	$-$ 1.70 [ $-$ 3.08, $-$ 0.32]	0.005	–	–
Comparator
HILT versus active comparator ${}^{*}$	3	193	$-$ 0.83 [ $-$ 1.23, $-$ 0.42]	$<$ 0.001	48%	0.14

${}^{*}$ Active comparator were low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and conventional physical therapy including transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and ultrasound.

Figure 2.

Mean difference in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain between HILT and control.

The mean age of the study populations ranged from 54 to 65 years (Table 1). Two studies included only men and one study included only women. The percentage of men in the remaining studies ranged from 31.4% to 45.6%. The Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) radiological grade was mostly grades II and III. The countries where the studies were conducted were Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria, South Korea, Iran, and Poland. The final evaluation time points ranged from 2 weeks to 6 months. Pain was assessed using the VAS and/or the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), while stiffness and function were assessed using the WOMAC and the Knee Society Clinical Rating Score (KSCRS). VAS pain with a score ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain) was the primary outcome [25]. WOMAC is an arthritis-specific instrument with four levels (none, low, moderate, and severe) and three subscales (pain, stiffness, and physical function) [26, 27]; wherein higher scores indicate higher disability. The Knee Society developed the KSCRS [28], which includes pain, range-of-motion, and function. High scores were 50, 25, and 50, respectively, with high scores indicating severe problems. None of the studies reported adverse events. The modified Latinen pain index (mLPI) includes four dimensions of intensity, frequency, analgesics, and social/professional activities and graded the pain into three groups: slight pain (0–4 points), considerable pain (5–8 points), and severe pain (9–12 points) [29]. Table 2 shows the characteristics of the HILT.

3.3 Quality assessment

The ROB results are presented in Fig. 3. Among the included studies, 50% or more studies were estimated to have a low risk for bias regarding the blinding of participants or assessment, selective reporting, and funding source. The method of random sequence generation in four studies was estimated to potentially be at risk for bias. The proportion of low risk for bias in allocation concealment and incomplete outcome data was approximately 30%. The overall quality across studies was fair, despite being vulnerable to selection bias and detection bias of the included studies in this review.

Figure 3.

Mean difference in disease-specific measurement between HILT and control. (a) Stiffness, (b) function.

3.4 Clinical outcome: Pain

A total of six studies that evaluated pain using the VAS, including 334 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. We used the combined mean and SD from two HILT groups in Gwory et al.’s study. HILT was observed to significantly decrease the knee pain compared to the control (MD, $-$ 1.18; 95% CI, $-$ 1.68 to $-$ 0.69) (Fig. 2). There was significant heterogeneity (I ${}^{2}$ $=$ 90%, $p<$ 0.001). The funnel plot showed that publication bias could not be determined (Supplementary Fig. 1). We performed a subgroup analysis of HILT with and without exercise in both groups; three studies were included in each subgroup (Table 4). The MD of HILT with exercise was higher than that of HILT without exercise (MD, $-$ 1.51; 95% CI, $-$ 1.74 to $-$ 1.28; versus MD, $-$ 0.68; 95% CI, $-$ 1.14 to $-$ 0.23), when compared to the control. The longer the follow-up, the more decrease in the MD of HILT for pain was observed. In three studies, the HILT for pain was improved compared with active controls (MD, $-$ 0.83; 95% CI, $-$ 1.23 to $-$ 0.42).

No significant difference was observed in the random effect model between the HILT and placebo for disease-specific pain measures such as WOMAC, KSCRS, or mLPI in five studies including 262 patients (SMD, $-$ 1.31; 95% CI, $-$ 2.66 to 0.05), but there was significant heterogeneity (I ${}^{2}$ $=$ 95%, $p<$ 0.001).

3.5 Clinical outcome: Stiffness

In four studies, 168 patients were included to determine the pooling effectiveness of stiffness using disease-specific measures. The SMD of HILT versus placebo was $-$ 1.00 (95% CI $-$ 1.32, $-$ 0.68). Therefore, HILT significantly decreased stiffness when compared with the placebo (Fig. 3a). Heterogeneity of the pooling effect was not significant (I ${}^{2}$ $=$ 0%, $p=$ 0.44).

3.6 Clinical outcome: Function

Four studies, including 87 patients who received HILT and 81 placebos, had pooled results using the disease-specific function. Upon statistical analysis, it was observed that HILT significantly improved function, compared with placebo (SMD, $-$ 5.36; 95% CI, $-$ 7.39 to $-$ 3.34) (Fig. 3b). It should be noted that heterogeneity was significant (I ${}^{2}$ $=$ 89%, $p\leqslant$ 0.001).

4. Discussion

Altogether, our meta-analysis showed that knee pain in the HILT group was significantly lower than that in the control group. HILT also significantly positively affected stiffness and function.

These results are in agreement with those from a previous systematic review on LLLT versus placebo in patients with knee osteoarthritis [4, 12]. A systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of HILT and concluded that HILT seemed to be efficient in the alleviation of pain and improved function in knee osteoarthritis. However, the included studies were described narratively and the pooled estimate with meta-analysis was not reported [12]. Rayegani et al. found that VAS pain significantly decreased in the LLLT group ( $p=$ 0.03) compared with the placebo group, while WOMAC stiffness ( $p=$ 0.01) and function ( $p=$ 0.02) were significantly improved [4]. However, the authors found that there was no significant difference in WOMAC pain between LLLT and placebo ( $p=$ 0.09). These results were also similar to the results of our study. Furthermore, systematic reviews on the use of LLLT for pain included several patient groups, including those with musculoskeletal disorders, low back pain, and neck pain [30, 31, 32]. These studies showed a significant decrease in pain in the LLLT group for each of those disorders compared with the placebo group.

We observed significant heterogeneity for VAS pain and WOMAC function. Also, Rayegani et al. showed significant heterogeneity for these two factors (I ${}^{2}$ $=$ 72%, $p=$ 0.0007 and I ${}^{2}$ $=$ 65%, $p=$ 0.0009, respectively). This may be caused by the diversity of the populations. Two of the studies only included men, while another study only included women. There may also be diversity in the way of application of the HILT or the tools used in each trial. Until our study, the standard procedure for the use HILT has not been identified. Therefore, study results may differ depending on the type of laser used, wavelength, average output power, energy density, total dose, application time, frequency of treatment, and/or method of application. The different co-interventions could be another reason for the heterogeneity observed. Exercise and/or glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate were evaluated in three studies, while the other three studies did not include co-interventions. However, it is notable that the comparator was also a co-intervention for the three studies.

This study has several strengths. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of pooled estimates of HILT in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Although previous systematic reviews have reported on HILT in knee pain and its effectiveness has been reported, the pooled effectiveness of HILT in knee pain has not been estimated [12]. We could identify quantitative estimates using a meta-analysis of HILT versus control in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

We acknowledge that this study has several limitations. First, the sample size of the studies included in the meta-analysis was small. However, this review could use the best available evidence supporting HILT in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Second, we could not compare the different types of laser therapy used for optimal treatment. The laser therapy was diverse according to the included studies. This is due to the fact that standardized therapy has not yet been established. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm these results. Third, significant heterogeneity was observed in some outcomes. This may be due to the diversity of the study populations, HILT application methods, and co-interventions. Fourth, we only used HILT-related terms in the search strategy. However, the sensitivity of capturing plausible included studies can be heightened.

5. Conclusions

Through this meta-analysis, it is promising that the HILT was effective for pain, stiffness, and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The results need to be confirmed with further studies due to the heterogeneity of the data and various laser application methods. Further well-designed randomized control trials with large sample sizes are needed to determine the standardized use of HILT.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Abbreviations

Supplementary data

Supplementary Table 1

Strategy for literature search

Search strategy
MEDLINE
1. HILT.mp.
2. High-intensity laser ${}^{*}$ .tw.
3. (high-intensity adj5 laser therap ${}^{*}$ ).mp.
4. 1 or 2 or 3
EMBASE
1. HILT.mp.
2. High-intensity laser ${}^{*}$ .tw.
3. (high-intensity adj5 laser therap ${}^{*}$ ).mp.
4. 1 or 2 or 3
Cochrane CENTRAL
1. High-intensity laser ${}^{*}$ :ti,ab,kw
2. High-intensity near/5 laser therap ${}^{*}$ :ti,ab,kw
3. HILT
4. #1 or #2 or #3
Web of Science
1. TI $=$ (HILT or high-intensity laser therap ${}^{*}$ )
2. TS $=$ (high-intensity laser ${}^{*}$ )
3. TS $=$ (pain) OR TI $=$ (pain)
4. #2 AND #3
5. #1 OR #4

Supplementary Fig. 1.

Funnel plot in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain between HILT and control.

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Effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy in the management of patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1 Literature search

2.2 Study selection

2.3 Quality assessment

2.5 Data analyses

3. Results

3.1 Literature search

Table 1 Study characteristics of randomized controlled trials for high-intensity laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Table 4 Subgroup analysis of HILT versus control in VAS pain for knee osteoarthritis

3.5 Clinical outcome: Stiffness

3.6 Clinical outcome: Function

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

Abbreviations

Supplementary data

References

Table 1
Study characteristics of randomized controlled trials for high-intensity laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Table 4
Subgroup analysis of HILT versus control in VAS pain for knee osteoarthritis