Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has emerged as a powerful techniquefor inducing and monitoring molecular transfer processes across water/air and liquid/liquid interfaces. At the same time, the Langmuir trough technique is a well established method for controlling the lateral pressure of molecular films of amphiphilic molecules at interfaces. A combination of both methods allows the investigation of the permeability of monolayers in a defined state. A brief introduction of the SECM technique and the experimental set-up is presented. The application of the combined SECM- Langmuir trough technique to measure passive diffusion of small molecules (O2 and Br2) across phospholipid monolayers is then reviewed. Phospholipid monolayers at liquid/liquid and liquid/air interfaces serve as simple biomimetic models for biomembranes and the results of the combined SECM- Langmuir trough measurements have implications for understanding passive diffusion across cellular membranes.
Keywords
References
1.
Agre P.
Angew. Chem. Internat. Edn. , 2004 , 43 , 4278 –4290 .
2.
MacKinnon R.
Angew. Chem. Internat. Edn. , 2004 , 43 , 4265 –4277 .
3.
Gennis R. B.
Biomembranes , Springer Verlag , New York , 1989 .
4.
Girault H. H. J.
, and
Schiffrin D. J.
Electroanalytical Chemistry , 1989 , 15 , 1 –141 .
5.
Petty M. C.
Langmuir-Blodgett films: An introduction , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, MA , 1996 .
6.
Bard A. J.
,
Fan F.-R.F.
,
Kwak J.
, and
Lev O.
Anal. Chem. , 1989 , 62 , 132 –138 .
7.
Engstrom R. C.
,
Weber M.
,
Wunder D. J.
,
Burgess R.
, and
Winguist S.
Anal. Chem. , 1986 , 58 , 844 –848 .
8.
Liu H. Y.
,
Fan F.-R.F.
,
Lin C. W.
, and
Bard A. J.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1986 , 108 , 3838 –3839 .
9.
Amemiya S.
,
Ding Z.
,
Zhou J.
, and
Bard A. J.
J. Electroanal. Chem. , 2000 , 483 , 7 –17 .
10.
Arca M.
,
Bard A. J.
,
Horrocks B. R.
,
Richards T. C.
, and
Treichel D. A.
Analyst , 1994 , 119 , 719 –726 .
11.
Bard A. J.
,
Fan F.-R.F.
, and
Mirkin M. V.
In: Electroanalytical Chemistry ,
Bard A. J.
(ed.), Marcel Dekker , New York , 1994 , pp. 244 –370 .
12.
Bard A. J.
,
Fan F.-R.F.
,
Pierce D. T.
,
Unwin P. R.
,
Wipf D. O.
, and
Zhou F.
Science , 1991 , 254 , 68 –74 .
13.
Barker A. L.
,
Gardner C. E.
,
Macpherson J. V.
,
Unwin P. R.
, and
Zhang J.
Surfactant Science Series , 2003 , 111 , 253 –335 .
14.
Barker A. L.
,
Gonsalves M.
,
Macpherson J. V.
,
Slevin C. J.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Anal. Chim. Acta , 1999 , 385 , 223 –240 .
15.
Barker A. L.
,
Slevin C. J.
,
Unwin P. R.
, and
Zhang J.
In: Liquid Interfaces in Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications ,
Volkov A. J.
(ed.), Marcel Dekker , New York , 2001 , pp. 283 –324 .
16.
Guo S.-X.
,
Unwin P. R.
, and
Whitworth A. L.
Prog. React. Kinet. Mech. , 2004 , 29 , 43 –166 .
17.
Laforge F. O.
, and
Mirkin M. V.
In: Scanning Probe Microscopies Beyond Imaging: Manipulation of Molecules and Nanostructures ,
Samori P.
(ed.), Wiley-VCH , Weinheim , 2006 , pp. 433 –468 .
18.
Mirkin M. V.
Anal. Chem. , 1996 , 68 , 177A –182A .
19.
Mirkin M. V.
Microchim. Acta , 1999 , 30 , 127 –153 .
20.
Mirkin M. V.
, and
Horrocks B. R.
Anal. Chim. Acta , 2000 , 406 , 119 –146 .
21.
Nagy G.
, and
Nagy L.
Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 2000 , 366 , 735 –744 .
22.
Unwin P. R.
, and
Macpherson J. V.
Chem. Ind. , 1995 , 21 , 874 .
23.
Yasukawa T.
, and
Kaya T.
Electroanalysis , 2000 , 12 , 653 –659 .
24.
Strutwolf J.
,
Zhang J.
,
Barker A. L.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 2001 , 3 , 5553 .
25.
Zhang J.
,
Strutwolf J.
,
Cannan S.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Electrochem. Comm. , 2003 , 5 , 105 .
26.
Cannan S.
,
Zhang J.
,
Grunfeld F.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Langmuir , 2004 , 20 , 701 –707 .
27.
Burt D. P.
,
Cervera J.
,
Mandler D.
,
Macpherson J. V.
,
Manzanares J. A.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Chem. Phys. Phys. Chem. , 2005 , 7 , 2955 .
28.
Ciani I.
,
Burt D. P.
,
Daniele S.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 2004 , 108 , 3801 .
29.
Slevin C. J.
,
Ryley S.
,
Walton D. J.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Langmuir , 1998 , 14 , 5331 .
30.
Slevin C. J.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2000 , 122 , 2597 .
31.
Zhang J.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Langmuir , 2002 , 18 , 1218 –1224 .
32.
Zhang J.
, and
Unwin P. R.
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 2003 , 5 , 3979 .
33.
Slevin C. J.
,
Macpherson J. V.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 1997 , 101 , 10851 –10859 .
34.
Slevin C. J.
,
Umbers J. A.
,
Atherton J. H.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. , 1996 , 92 , 5177 .
35.
Zhang J.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2002 , 124 , 2379 .
36.
Bard A. J.
, and
Mirkin M. V.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy , John Wiley & Sons , New York , 2001 .
37.
Aoki K.
Electroanalysis , 1993 , 5 , 627 –639 .
38.
Heinze J.
Angew. Chem. , 1993 , 105 , 1327 –1349 .
39.
Delville M.-H.
,
Tsionsky M.
, and
Bard A. J.
Langmuir , 1998 , 14 , 2774 .
40.
Tsionsky M.
,
Bard A. J.
, and
Mirkin M. V.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1997 , 119 , 10785 .
41.
Barker A. L.
,
Macpherson J. V.
,
Slevin C. J.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 1998 , 102 , 1586 –1598 .
42.
Unwin P. R.
, and
Bard A. J.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1992 , 96 , 5035 –5045 .
43.
Macpherson J. V.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. , 1993 , 89 , 3947 –3954 .
44.
Macpherson J. V.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1994 , 98 , 1704 –1713 .
45.
Macpherson J. V.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1994 , 98 , 11764 –11770 .
46.
Macpherson J. V.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1995 , 99 , 3338 –33351 .
47.
Macpherson J. V.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1995 , 99 , 14824 –14831 .
48.
Macpherson J. V.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1996 , 100 , 19475 –19483 .
49.
Borden M. A.
, and
Longo M. L.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 2004 , 108 , 6009 .
50.
Barker A. L.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 2001 , 105 , 12019 .
51.
Zhang J.
,
Barker A. L.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Electroanal. Chem. , 2000 , 483 , 95 –107 .
52.
Galceran J.
,
Cecilia J.
,
Companys E.
,
Salvador J.
, and
Puy J.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 2000 , 104 , 7993 –8000 .
53.
Lefrou C.
J. Electroanal. Chem. , 2006 , 592 , 103 –112 .
54.
Rajendran L.
, and
Ananthi S. P.
J. Electroanal. Chem. , 2004 , 561 , 113 –118 .
55.
Amphlett J. L.
, and
Denuault G.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 1998 , 102 , 9946 –9951 .
56.
Mirkin M. V.
,
Fan F.-R.F.
, and
Bard A. J.
J. Electroanal. Chem. , 1992 , 328 , 47 –62 .
57.
Demaille C.
,
Unwin P. R.
, and
Bard A. J.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1996 , 100 , 14137 –14143 .
58.
Martin R. D.
, and
Unwin P. R.
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. , 1999 , 94 , 753 –759 .
59.
Bard A. J.
,
Mirkin M. V.
,
Unwin P. R.
, and
Wipf D. O.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1992 , 96 , 1861 –1868 .
60.
Pierce D. T.
,
Unwin P. R.
, and
Bard A. J.
Anal. Chem. , 1992 , 64 , 1795 –1804 .
61.
Barker A. L.
,
Unwin P. R.
,
Amemiya J. Z. S.
, and
Bard A. J.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 1999 , 103 , 7260 –7269 .
62.
Barker A. L.
,
Unwin P. R.
, and
Zhang J.
Electrochem. Commun. , 2001 , 3 , 372 –378 .
63.
Strutwolf J.
,
Barker A. L.
,
Gonsalves M.
,
Caruana D. J.
,
Unwin P. R.
,
Williams D. E.
, and
Webster J. R. P.
J. Electroanal. Chem. , 2000 , 483 , 163 .
64.
Nann T.
, and
Heinze J.
Electrochim. Acta , 2003 , 48 , 3975 –3980 .
65.
Fulian Q.
,
Fisher A. C.
, and
Denuault G.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 1999 , 103 , 4387 –4392 .
66.
Fulian Q.
,
Fisher A. C.
, and
Denuault G.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 1999 , 103 , 4393 –4398 .
67.
Skylar O.
,
Träuble M.
,
Zhao C.
, and
Wittstock G.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 2006 , 110 , 15869 –15877 .
68.
Skylar O.
, and
Wittstock G.
J. Phys. Chem. B , 2002 , 106 , 7499 –7508 .
69.
Dutta A.
, and
Popel A. A.
J. Theor. Biol. , 1995 , 176 , 433 .
70.
McKinnon S. J.
,
Whittenburg S. L.
, and
Brooks B.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1992 , 96 , 10497 .
71.
Subczynski W. K.
, and
Wisniewska A.
Acta Biochim. Pol. , 2000 , 47 , 613 .
72.
Stein W. D.
Transport and diffusion across cell membranes , Academc Press Inc. , New York , 1986 .
73.
Langmuir I.
, and
Schaefer V. J.
J. Franklin Inst. , 1943 , 235 , 119 .
74.
Cunnane V. J.
,
Schiffrin D. J.
,
Fleischmann M.
,
Geblewicz G.
, and
Williams D. E.
J. Electroanal. Chem. , 1988 , 243 , 455 .
75.
Blank M.
J. Phys. Chem. , 1962 , 66 , 1911 .
76.
Thoma M.
, and
Möhwald H.
J. Colloid. Interface Sci. , 1994 , 162 , 340 .
77.
Harke H. M. M.
Langmuir , 1998 , 14 , 313 .
78.
Tien H. T.
Bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) , Marcel Dekker , New York , 1974 .
79.
Yamada H.
,
Matsue T.
, and
Uchida I.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 1991 , 180 , 1330 .