Studies on the relationship between speed and safety are compiled, and an overview of research interests in the United States and elsewhere is presented. Aspects that affect speed and safety are considered. Techniques for speed management are summarized. The studies are summarized, and conclusions are drawn.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
de VosA.Driver Behaviour Under Bad Weather. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation, Florence, Italy, 1992, pp. 427–434.
2.
CouncilF. M., KantorP., and KhattakA. J.Role of Adverse Weather in Key Crash Types on Limited-Access Roadways: Implications for Advanced Weather Systems. In Transportation Research Record 1621, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998, pp. 10–19.
3.
AntleC. E., KulakowskiB. T., LinC., MasonJ. M.Jr., and WamboldJ. C.Development of a Methodology to Identify and Correct Slippery Pavements. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1990.
4.
ReedM. P., and GreenP. A.Comparison of Driving Performance On-Road and in a Low-Cost Simulator Using a Concurrent Telephone Dialing Task. Ergonomics, Vol. 42, No. 8, 1999, pp. 1015–1037.
5.
CrassidisA. L., and ReynoldsP. A.Safety-Derived Single Automated Lane Capacity. Proc., 1996 Annual Meeting of ITS America, Houston, Tex., 1996, pp. 660–669.
6.
ChanC. Y.Studies of Collisions in Vehicles Following Operations. Proc., 1996 Annual Meeting of ITS America, Houston, Tex., 1996, pp. 966–972.
7.
Designed for Speed: How Roads are Engineered. AASHTO Quarterly Magazine, Vol. 75, No. 3, 1996, pp. 13–15.
EliasP., and LaveC.Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives?Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1994, pp. 49–62.
10.
GodwinS. R.Effect of the 65 mph Speed Limit on Highway Safety in the U.S.A. Transport Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1992.
11.
SliogerisJ.110 Kilometer per Hour Speed Limit—Evaluation of Road Safety Effects. Report GR 92-8, HS-041 907. Victoria Roads, Victoria, Australia, 1992.
12.
Effects of the 65 mph Speed Limit Through 1990: A Report to Congress. Report HS-807 840. NHTSA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1992.
13.
TranSafety, Inc.Another Look at Fatality Rates and the 65 mph Speed Limit. Road Work Safety Report, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1993, pp. 9–10.
14.
GriffinL.IIIDo Higher Speeds Mean Higher Numbers of Crashes?Texas Transportation Researcher, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1998.
15.
Safety Management System Task Force on Speed Limits. Report on Speed Limits and Safety for Iowa Highways. Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames, 1996.
16.
LiuG. X., and PopoffA.Provincial-Wide Travel Speed and Traffic Safety Study in Saskatchewan. In Transportation Research Record 1595, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 8–13.
17.
AparicioF., LopezA., MartinezL., and RomanJ. L.An Analysis of the Influence of Speed on Traffic Security with the Instrumented Vehicle CANE. Proc., 13th World Meeting of the International Road Federation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1997.
18.
JestyP. H.Easier Driving on Safer Roads: The Advent of External Vehicle Speed Control. Traffic Technology International, June–July1998, pp. 74–77.
19.
RahmanM., and UpchurchJ.Safety and Operational Impacts of Raising the Speed Limit to 65 mph. Report FHWA-AZ90-288. Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix, 1990.
20.
BrownD. B., MaghsoodlooS., and McArdleM. E.The Safety Impact of 65 mph Speed Limit: A Case Study Using Alabama Accident Records. Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1990, pp. 125–139.
21.
NilssonG.Reduction of the 110 km/h Speed Limit to 90 km/h During Summer 1989: Effects on Personal Injury Accidents, Injured and Speeds. Report HS-041 280, VTI-358. National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Linköping, 1990.
22.
AndersonR. W. G., BrooksC. G., FarmerM. J. B., LeeB. H., and McLeanA. J.Vehicle Travel Speeds and the Incidence of Fatal Pedestrian Crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1997, pp. 667–674.
23.
RamaP.Effects of the Weather-Controlled Traffic Management System on Driver Behavior. Proc., 4th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Berlin, Germany, 1997.
24.
MalensteinJ., and van LoosbroekJ.Results of Continuous Applied Enforcement and Impact on Traffic Behaviour. Proc., 4th World Congress on (ITS) Intelligent Transport Systems, Berlin, Germany, Oct. 1997.
25.
LiangW. L., KyteM., KitchnerF., and ShannonP.Effect of Environmental Factors on Driver Speed: A Case Study. In Transportation Research Record 1635, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998, pp. 155–161.
26.
KyteM., and KhatibZ.Effect of Environmental Factors on Free-Flow Speed. Proc., 4th International Symposium on Highway Capacity, Maui, Hawaii, 2000.
27.
AndreyJ., and KnapperC.Weather Hazards: The Motorist’s Perspective. Proc., 37th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, 1993, pp. 422–423.
28.
GrahamS.Why Do People Speed?Traffic Safety, Vol. 97, No. 6, 1997, pp. 10–14.
29.
GabanyS. G., GriggP., and PlummerP.Why Drivers Speed: The Speeding Perception Inventory. Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1997, pp. 29–36.
30.
BathurstJ., and WaltonD.An Exploration of the Perceptions of the Average Driver’s Speed Compared to Perceived Driver Safety and Driving Skill. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1998, pp. 821–830.
31.
SrinivasanR., and JovanisP. P.Effect of In-Vehicle Driver Information Systems on Driver Workload and Choice of Vehicle Speed: Findings from a Driving Simulator Experiment. In Ergonomics and Safety of Intelligent Driver Interfaces (NoyI. A., ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, 1997, pp. 97–114.
32.
BlankeH.Speed Behaviour and Traffic Security in Regionally Smoothed Traffic. Bochum University, Bochum, Germany, 1993.
33.
ColemanJ. A., and MorfordG.Speed Management Program in FHWA and NHTSA. ITE Journal, Vol. 68, No. 7, 1998.
34.
RoseG.Variable Speed Control on Freeways: A Review of Recent European Experiences. Presented at 3rd International Conference, ITS Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, 1997.
35.
WilkieJ. K.Using Variable Speed Limit Signs to Mitigate Speed Differentials Upstream of Reduced Flow Locations. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, 1997.
36.
MaloneM.Games Speeders Play. Traffic Safety (Washington), Vol. 90, No. 3, 1990, pp. 16–19.
RobertsonD. J.Speed Violation Detection Deterrent System. Proc., 7th International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring and Control, London, 1994, pp. 119–122.
39.
LeitheadC.Speed Enforcement in Network Management. Proc., International Conference on Road Vehicle Automation, 1997, pp. 255–261.
40.
CoulstockB.Print-Free Enforcement: Queensland Puts Technology to Work for Road Safety. Traffic Technology International, Annual Review, 1998, pp. 201–203.
41.
AmundsenF. H.Automatic Speed Control—An Effective Traffic Safety Measure. Presented at 13th World Meeting of the International Road Federation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1997.
42.
HarbordB., and JonesJ.Variable Speed Limit Enforcement: The M25 Controlled Motorway Pilot Scheme. Proc., Computing and Control Division Colloquium on Camera Enforcement of Traffic Regulations, London, 1996, pp. 5/1–5/4.
43.
AliS. Y., Al-SalehO., and KoushkiP. A.Effectiveness of Automated Speed-Monitoring Cameras in Kuwait. In Transportation Research Record 1595, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 20–26.
44.
WingB.Photocops May Help Drivers Get the Picture. Tech Transfer, No. 56, Winter1997, p. 1–3.
45.
BlochS. A.A Comparative Study of the Speed Reduction Effects of Photo-Radar and Speed Display Boards. Automobile Club of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1998.
46.
MartinezJ.Photo Radar Launch Nabs Hundreds: 340 Denver Speeders Caught in First 8 Hours. Denver Post, Nov.3, 1998, p. E13.
47.
GebertR.Three into One: A New Camera System from South Africa Has Combined Three Traffic Management Options into One Instrument. Traffic Technology International, Annual Review, 1998, pp. 205–206.
48.
PalmerT.Digital Deterrent: In Trials, a New Speed Camera System Reduced Speeding by 30 Percent. Highways, Vol. 68, No. 6, 1999, pp. 20–21.
49.
RogersonP.Trial of a Speed Information Sign. Report GR 91-19, HS-041 346. Victoria Roads, Victoria, Australia, 1991.
50.
BrisbaneG.Speed Modification: Intelligent Signs for the Future?Proc., 17th Meeting of the Australian Road Research Board, Gold Coast, Queensland, 1994, pp. 149–163.
51.
OlsenS.Informed to Behave: Denmark’s Speed Indicator Display in Action. Traffic Technology International, June/July1998, pp. 83–85.
52.
GarberN. J., and SrinivasanS.Effectiveness of Changeable Message Signs in Controlling Vehicle Speeds in Work Zones. Phase II. VTRC 98-R10. Virginia Transportation Research Council, Richmond, 1998.
53.
AlessandriA.Optimal Control of Freeways via Speed Signaling and Ramp Metering. Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 6, No. 6, 1998, pp. 771–780.
54.
AlessandriA., Di FebbraroA., FerraraA., and PuntaE.Nonlinear Optimization for Freeway Control Using Variable-Speed Signaling. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 48, No. 6, 1999, pp. 2042–2050.
55.
VarhelyiA.Dynamic Speed Adaptation Based on Information Technology: A Theoretical Background. Department of Traffic Planning and Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden, 1996.
56.
VarhelyiA.Dynamic Speed Adaptation in Adverse Conditions. Proc., 4th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Berlin, Germany, 1997.
57.
SundbergJ.Field Trial on Dynamic Speed Adap[ta]tion in Umea, Sweden. Proc., 4th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Berlin, Germany, 1997.
58.
GustafssonP. Intelligent Speed Adaptation: Who Wants It? Proc., 4th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Berlin, Germany, 1997.
59.
Sweden to Make Drivers Apply the Brakes with ISA. AASHTO International Transportation Observer, Summer1998.
60.
HolmenH.Dynamic Speed Adoption with Weather and Traffic Control Systems. Proc., 4th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Berlin, Germany, 1997.
61.
HerrstedtL.Traffic Calming Design—A Speed Management Method. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1992, pp. 3–16.
62.
TaylorM., and WheelerA.Reducing Speeds in Villages: The VISP Study. Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1995, pp. 213–219.
63.
JorgenseL., and MertnerJ.Effects of Traffic Calming Schemes in Denmark. In Proc., 4th International Conference on Urban Transport and the Environment for the 21st Century (BorregoC. and SucharovL., eds.), Lisbon, Portugal, 1998, pp. 213–223.
64.
EllenbergM., and BedeauxJ. F.Calming Waves for Safety: A Time to Rethink Green Waves?Traffic Technology International, April–May1999, pp. 55–58.
65.
GriebeP., HerrstedtL., and NilssonP.Speed Management in Urban Areas—Part of the DUMAS Project. Routes/Roads, No. 306, 2000, pp. 23–30.
66.
CoulstockB.Digital Clicks: Smart Ways to Stop Speeding Traffic. Traffic Technology International, 1999, pp. 194–198.
67.
SundbergJ.Speed Management: The Need for an Intelligent Solution. Traffic Technology International, Feb.–March2000, pp. 77–81.
68.
JorgensenN. O.Speed Management Through Traffic Engineering. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1992.
