The hypothesis that habitual drivers become averse to exerting physical effort by walking was tested. In support of the hypothesis, distance thresholds for driving measured in a Swedish (n = 60) and a U.S. sample (n = 51) of undergraduates decreased with driving habit. Respondents in the U.S. sample were more frequent drivers and had a lower distance threshold than respondents in the Swedish sample.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
NolanR. B., and KunreutherH.. Short-Run and Long-Run Policies for Increasing Bicycle Transportation for Daily Commuter Trips. Tranport Policy, Vol. 2, 1995, pp. 67–79.
2.
PayneJ. W., BettmanJ. R., and JohnsonE. J.. The Adaptive Decision Maker. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1993.
3.
SimonH. A.Models of Bounded Rationality. Volume 2: Behavioral Economics and Business Organization. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1982.
4.
GärlingT., BoeO., and FujiiS.. The Development of Script-Based Travel Choice. Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden, 2000.
5.
EaglyA. H., and ChaikenS.. The Psychology of Attitudes. Hartcourt Brace Jovanich, Fort Worth, Fla., 1993.
6.
RonisD. L., YatesJ. F., and KirschtJ. P.. Attitudes, Decisions, and Habits as Determinants of Repeated Behavior. In Attitude Structure and Function (PratkanisA. R., BrecklerS. J., and GreenwaldA. G., eds.), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., 1989, pp. 213–239.
7.
VerplankenB., AartsH., Van KnippenbergA., and Van KnippenbergC.. Attitude Versus General Habit: Antecedents of Travel Mode Choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 24, 1994, pp. 285–300.
8.
VerplankenB., AartsH., and Van KnippenbergA.. Habit, Information Acquisition, and the Process of Making Travel Mode Choices. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 1997, pp. 539–560.
9.
SvensonO.Some Propositions for the Classification of Decision Situations. In Contemporary Issues in Decision Making (BorcherdingK., LarichevO. I., and MessickD. M., eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1990, pp. 17–31.
10.
WittenbrakerJ., GibbsB. L., and KahleL. R.. Seat Belt Attitudes, Habits, and Behaviors: An Adaptive Amendment to the Fishbein Model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 23, 1993, pp. 406–421.
11.
SchipperL.Determinants of Automobile Use and Energy-Consumption in OECD Countries. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol. 20, 1995, pp. 325–386.
12.
NunnallyJ. C., and BernsteinI. H.. Psychometric Theory, 3rd ed.McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.
13.
GarlingT., and GolledgeR. G.. The Role of Cognitive Maps in Spatial Decision Making: Implications of the Past for the Future. In Cognitive Mapping: Past, Present, and Future (KitchinR. and FreundschuhS., eds.), Routledge, London (in press).
14.
MontelloD. R.The Perception and Cognition of Environmental Distance: Direct Sources of Information. In Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. Lecture Notes in Cognitive Science (HirtleS. C. and FrankA. U., eds.), Vol. 1329, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1997, pp. 297–311.
15.
AxhausenK., and GärlingT.. Activity-Based Approaches to Travel Analysis: Conceptual Frameworks, Models, and Research Problems. Transport Reviews, Vol. 12, 1992, pp. 323–341.
16.
GärlingT., LaitilaT., and WestinK.. Theoretical Foundations of Travel Choice Modeling: An Introduction. In Theoretical Foundations of Travel Choice Modeling (GarlingT., LaitilaT., and WestinK., eds.), Pergamon, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1998, pp. 1–32.
17.
GärlingT., KwanM.-P., and GolledgeR. G.. Computational-Process Modeling of Household Travel Decisions: Conceptual Analysis and Review. Transportation Research B, Vol. 25, 1994, pp. 355–364.
18.
GarlingT., GillholmR., RomanusJ., and SelartM.. Interdependent Activity and Travel Choices: Behavioral Principles of Integration of Choice Outcomes. In Activity-Based Approaches to Travel Analysis (EttemaD. F. and TimmermansH. J. P., eds.), Pergamon, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1997, pp. 135–150.