Current Concepts Review: Charcot Arthropathy of the Foot and Ankle

1. Alvarez RG Barbour TM Perkins TD : Tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis for nonbraceable neuropathic ankle deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 15:354–359, 1994.

2. American Diabetes Association: Clinical practice recommendations 2006. Diab Care. 29(Suppl. 1):S25–S26, 2006.

3. Armstrong DG Nguyen HC Lavery LA : Off-loading the diabetic foot wound: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 24:1019–1022, 2001.

4. Apelqvist J Bakker K van Houtum WH Nabuurs-Franssen MH Schaper NC : International consensus on the diabetic foot. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, 1999.

5. Armstrong DG Lavery LA : Elevated peak plantar pressures in patients who have Charcot arthropathy. J. Bone Joint Surg. 80-A:365–369, 1998.

6. Armstrong DG Todd WF Lavery LA Harkless LB Bushman TR : The natural history of acute Charcot's arthropathy in a diabetic foot specialty clinic. Diab. Med. 14:357–363, 1997.

7. Aronow MS Diaz-Doran V Sullivan RJ : The effect of triceps surae contracture on plantar foot pressure distribution. Foot Ankle Int. 27:43–52, 2006.

8. Baumhauer JF O'Keefe R Schon L Pinzur MS : Cytokine induced osteoclastic bone resorption in Charcot arthropathy: an immunohistochemical study. Foot Ankle Int. 27:797–800, 2006.

9. Baumhauer JF Wervey R McWilliams J Harris GF Shereff MJ : A comparison study of plantar foot pressure in a standardized shoe, total contact cast, and prefabricated pneumatic walking brace, Foot Ankle Int. 26:26–33, 1997.

10. Bibbo C Lin SS Beam HA Behrens FF : Complications of ankle fractures in diabetic patients. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 32:113–133, 2001.

11. Boninger ML Leonard Jr JA : Use of bi-valved ankle-foot orthosis in neuropathic foot and ankle lesions. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 33:16–22, 1996.

12. Bono JV Roger DJ Jacobs RL : Surgical arthrodesis of the neuropathic foot. Clin. Orthop. 296:14–20, 1993.

13. Brodsky JW : The Diabetic Foot. In Coughlin MJ Mann RA (eds.): Surgery of the Foot and Ankle. Mosby, Inc., St. Louis, pp. 895–969, 1999.

14. Brodsky JW Rouse AM : Exostectomy for symptomatic bony prominences in diabetic Charcot feet. Clin. Orthop. 296:21–26, 1993.

15. Chantelau E : The perils of procrastination: the effect of early vs. delayed detection and treatment of incipient Charcot fracture. Diab. Med. 22:1707–1712, 2005.

16. Charcot JM : On arthropathies of cerebral or spinal origin. Clin. Orthop. 296:4–7, 1993.

17. Connor H : Diabetic foot disease—where is the evidence? Diab. Med. 16:799–800, 1999.

18. Dhalla R Johnson JE Engsberg J : Can the use of a terminal device augment plantar pressure reduction with a total contact cast?. Foot Ankle Int. 24:500–505, 2003.

19. Dhawan V Spratt KF Pinzur MS : Reliability of AOFAS diabetic foot questionnaire in Charcot arthropathy: stability, internal consistency and measurable difference. Foot Ankle Int. 26:717–731, 2005.

20. DiGiovanni C Banerjee R Villareal BS : Foot and Ankle Research Priority 2005: Report from the Research Council of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. Foot Ankle Int. 27:133–134, 2006.

21. Early JS Hansen ST : Surgical reconstruction of the diabetic foot. Foot Ankle Int. 17:325–330, 1996.

22. Eckardt A Schollner C Decking J : The impact of Syme amputation in surgical treatment of patients with diabetic foot syndrome and Charcot-neuro-osteoarthropathy. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 124:145–150, 2004.

23. Eichenholtz SN : Charcot Joints. C.C. Thomas, 1966.

24. Fabrin J Larsen K Holstein PE : Long-term Followup in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset. Diabetes Care 23:796–800, 2000.

25. Farber DC Juliano PJ Cavanagh PR Ulbrecht J Caputo G : Single stage correction with external fixation of the ulcerated foot in individuals with Charcot neuroarthropathy. Foot Ankle Int. 23:130–134, 2002.

26. Glasoe WM Allen MK Ludewig PM : Dorsal mobility and first ray stiffness in patients with diabetes mellitus. Foot Ankle Int. 25:550–555, 2004.

27. Guyton GP : An analysis of iatrogenic complications from the total contact cast. Foot Ankle Int. 26:903–907, 2005.

28. Hartsell HD Fellner C Saltzman CL : Pneumatic bracing and total contact casting have equivocal effects on plantar pressure relief, Foot Ankle Int. 22:502, 2001.

29. Herbst SA Jones KB Saltzman CL : Pattern of diabetic neuropathic arthropathy associated with the peripheral bone mineral density. J. Bone Joint Surg. 86-B:378–383, 2004.

30. Johnson JT : Neuropathic Fractures and Joint Injuries. J. Bone Joint Surg. 49-A:1–30, 1967.

31. Jude EB Selby PL Burgess J : Bisphosphonates in the treatment of Charcot neuroarthropathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 44:2032–2037, 2001.

32. Kile TA Donnelly RE Gehrke JC Werner ME Johnson KA : Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with an intramedullary device. Foot Ankle Int. 15:669–673, 1994.

33. Klenerman L : The Charcot joint in diabetes. Diab. Med. 13:S52–S54, 1996.

34. Koller A Fiedler R Wetz HH : External Fixator for Reconstruction of Foot Statics in Neurogenic Osteoarthropathies. Orthopade. 30: 218–225, 2001.

35. Laing PW Cogley DI Klenerman L : Neuropathic foot ulceration treated by total contact casts. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74-B:133–136, 1992.

36. Lang-Stevenson AL Sharrard WJ Betts RP Duckworth T : Neuropathic ulcers of the foot. J. Bone Joint Surg. 67-B:438–442, 1985.

37. Ledoux WR Shofer JB Ahroni JH : Biomechanical differences among pes cavus, neutrally aligned, and pes planus feet in subjects with diabetes. Foot Ankle Int. 24:845–850, 2003.

38. Lidor C Ferris LR Hall R Alexander IJ Nunley II JA : Stress fracture of the tibia after arthrodesis of the ankle or the hindfoot. J. Bone Joint Surg. 79:558–564, 1997.

39. Lin SS Lee TH Wapner KL : Plantar forefoot ulceration with equines deformity of the ankle in diabetic patients: the effect of tendo-Achilles lengthening and total contact casting. Orthopedics 19:465–475, 1996.

40. McNeely MJ Boyko EJ Ahroni JH : The independent contributions of diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy in foot ulceration. Diabetes Care, 18:216–219, 1995.

41. Mehta JA Brown C Sargeant N : Charcot restraint orthotic walker. Foot Ankle Int. 19:619–623, 1998.

42. Moore TJ Prince R Pochatko D Smith JW : Retrograde intramedullary nailing for ankle arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 16:433–436, 1995.

43. Mueckley TM Eichorn S von Oldenburg G : Biomechanical evaluation of primary stiffness of tibiotalar arthrodesis with an intramedullary compression nail and four other fixation devices. Foot Ankle Int. 27:814–820, 2006.

44. Mueller MJ Sinacore DR Hastings MK Strube MJ Johnson JE : Effect of Achilles tendon lengthening on neuropathic plantar ulcers. J. Bone Joint Surg. 85-A:1436–1445, 2003.

45. Morgan JM Biehl III WC Wagner Jr FWW : Management of neuropathic arthropathy with the Charcot restraint orthotic walker. Clin. Orthop. 296:58–63, 1993.

46. Myerson MS Henderson MR Saxby T Short KW : Management of midfoot diabetic neuroarthropathy. Foot Ankle Int. 15:233–241, 1994.

47. Myerson M Papa J Eaton K Wilson K : The total-contact cast for management of neuropathic plantar ulceration of the foot. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74-A:261–269, 1992.

48. Noonan T Pinzur M Paxinos O Havey RM Patwardhan AG : Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary nail: a biomechanical analysis of the effect of nail length. Foot Ankle Int. 26:304–308, 2005.

49. Olmos PR Cataland S O'Dorisio TM Casey CA Smead WL Simon SR : The Semmes-Weinstein monofilament as a potential predictor of foot ulceration in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Med. Sci. 309:76–82, 1995.

50. Orendurff MS Rohr ES Sangeorzan BJ Weaver K Czerniecki JM : An Equinus deformity of the ankle accounts for only a small amount of the increased forefoot plantar pressure in patients with diabetes. J. Bone Joint Surg. 88-B:65–68, 2006.

51. Papa J Myerson M Girard P : Salvage, with arthrodesis, in intractable diabetic neuropathic arthropathy of the foot and ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 75-A:1056–1066, 1993.

52. Pinzur MS : Benchmark analysis of diabetic patients with neuropathic (Charcot) foot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 20:564–567, 1999.

53. Pinzur MS : Transarticular stabilization for malunited fracture of the distal tibia in diabetics with loss of protective sensation. Foot Ankle Int. 22:706–710, 2001.

54. Pinzur M : Surgical vs. accommodative treatment for Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 25:545–549, 2004.

55. Pinzur M Anderson RB Cantrall R Lamborn K : The American Orthopaedic Foot and ankle Society Diabetes 2000 Foot Screen. Paper presented at the summer meeting of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. Vail. July 15, 2000.

56. Pinzur MS Evans A : Health related quality of life in patients with Charcot foot. Am. J. Orthop. 32:492–496, 2003.

57. Pinzur MS Kelikian A. : Charcot ankle fusion with a retrograde locked intramedullary nail. Foot Ankle Int. 18:699–704, 1997.

58. Pinzur MS Noonan T : Ankle arthrodesis with a retrograde femoral nail for Charcot ankle arthropathy. Foot Ankle Int. 26:545–549, 2005.

59. Pinzur MS Sage R Stuck R Kaminsky S Zmuda A : A treatment algorithm for neuropathic (Charcot) midfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 14:189–197, 1993.

60. Pitocco D Ruotolo V Caputo S : Six-month treatment with alendronate in acute Charcot neuroarthropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 28:1214–1215, 2005.

61. Rao SR Saltzman CL Wilken J Yak J : Increased passive ankle stiffness and reduced dorsiflexion range of motion in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Foot Ankle Int. 27:617–622, 2006.

62. Saltzman CL Domsic RT Baumhauer JF : Foot and ankle research priority: report from the Research Council of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. Foot Ankle Int. 18:443–446, 1997.

63. Sammarco GJ Conti SF : Surgical treatment of neuropathic foot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 19:102–109, 1998.

64. Schon LC Easley ME Seinfeld SB : Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. Clin. Orthop. 349:116–131, 1998.

65. Schon LC Weinfeld SB Horton GA Resch S : Radiographic and clinical classification of acquired midtarsus deformities. Foot Ankle Int. 19:394–404, 1998.

66. Simon SR Tejwani SG Wilson DL Santner TJ Denniston NL : Arthrodesis as an early alternative to nonoperative management of Charcot arthropathy of the diabetic foot. J. Bone Joint Surg. 82-A:939–950, 2000.

67. Thordarson DB Chang D : Stress fractures and tibial cortical hypertrophy after tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail. Foot Ankle Int. 20:497–500, 1999.

68. Trepman E Nihal A Pinzur MS : Current topics review: Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle, Foot Ankle Int. 26:46–63, 2005.

69. Veves A Uccioli L Manes C : Comparison of risk factors for foot problems in diabetic patients attending teaching hospital outpatient clinics in four different European states. Diabetes Med. 11:709–713, 1994.

70. Young M Breddy JL Veves A Boulton AJM : The prediction of diabetic peripheral neuropathy using vibration perception thresholds: a prospective study. Diabetes Care. 17:557–560, 1994.

71. Young MJ Marshall A Adams JE Selby PL Boulton AJM : Osteopenia, neurological dysfunction, and the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy. Diab. Care. 18:34–38, 1995.

72. Wukich DK Motko J : Safety of total contact casting in high risk patients with neuropathic foot ulcers. Foot Ankle Int. 25:556–560, 2004.

73. Zarutsky E Rush SM Schuberth JM : The use of circular wire external fixation in the treatment of salvage ankle arthrodesis. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 44:22–31, 2005.