The intent of this presentation is to review the studies conducted by the National Research Council (NRC) where risk assessment was the central theme and to present both a current view and some ideas for the future of risk assessment procedures for drinking water. Although the principal interest is in the use of toxicologic data in assessing risk, nonetheless, mention is made of the use of epidemiologic studies and other types of research investigations that may produce useful information for estimating risk to humans from chemical exposure.
References
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Allen, B.C., Crump, K.S., and S Hipp, A.M. (1988). Correlation between carcinogenic potency of chemicals in animals and humans. Risk Analysis8(4):531–544.
2.
Andelman, J.B. (1985). Human exposure to volatile halogenated organic chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Environ. Health Perspect.62:313–318.
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Bailar, Iii, J.C., Crouch, E.A.C., Shaikh, R., and Spiegelman, D. (1988). One-hit models of carcinogenesis: Conservative or not?Risk Analysis8(4):485–497.
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Environmental Protection Agency. (1986). Guidelines for the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Fed. Reg.51(185):34014–34025.
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Finkel, A.M. (1989). Is risk assessment really too conservative?: Revising the revisionists. Columbia J. Environ. Law14(2):427–467.
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Foster, S.A. and Chrostowski, P.C. (1987) Inhalation exposures to volatile organic contaminants in the shower. Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of APCA. New York, NY.
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Goldstein, B.D. (1989). Risk assessment and the interface between science and law. Columbia J. Law14(2):343–355.
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Krewski, D. and Thomas, R.D. (1992). Carcinogenic mixtures. Risk Analysis.12(1): 105–113.
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Mantel, N. and Bryan, W.R. (1961). “Safety” testing of carcinogenic agents. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.27:455–470.
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Mattison, D.R., Hanson, J.W., Kochhar, D.M., and Rao, K.S. (1989). Criteria for identifying and listing substances known to cause developmental toxicity under California's Proposition 65. Reprod. Toxicol.3:3–12.
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Mckone, T.E. (1987). Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: the indoor inhalation pathway. Environ. Sci. Technol.21:1194–1201.
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Moolgavkar, S.H. and Knudson, A.G. Jr. (1981). Mutation and cancer; a model for human carcinogenisis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.66:1037–1052.
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North, D.W. (1988). Analysis of uncertainty and reaching broad conclusions. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol.7(5):583–590.
14.
National Research Council (Nrc). (1977). Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 1. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
15.
Nrc. (1980). Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 3. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
16.
Nrc. (1983). Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
17.
Nrc. (1985). Epidemiology and Air Pollution. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
18.
Nrc. (1986). Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 6. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
19.
Nrc. (1987). Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 7. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
20.
Nrc (1989) Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C.
21.
Nrc. (1992a). Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
22.
Nrc. (1992b). Environmental Neurotoxicology. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
