2. Schrauzer, G.N., White, D.A., and Schneider, C.J. (1977). Cancer mortality correlation studies. III: Statistical associations with dietary selenium intakes. Bioinorg. Chem.7, 23–34.
3.
3. Carroll, K.K. (1975). Experimental evidence of dietary factors asnd hormone-dependent cancers. Cancer Res.35, 3374–3383.
4.
4. Chen, J.C., Peto, R., and Campbell, T.C. (1985). Dietary and nutritional status and cancer mortality in China. XIII Int. Cong. Nutr. Proc. (in press).
5.
5. Valentine, J.L., Kang, H.K., and Spivey, G.H. (1978). Selenium levels in human blood, urine, and hair in response to exposure via drinking water. Environ. Res.17, 347–355.
6.
6. Broghamer, W.L., McConnell, K.P., and Blotcky, A.L. (1976). Relationship between serum selenium levels and patients with carcinoma. Cancer37, 1384–1388.
7.
7. Shamberger, R.J., Rukovena, E., Longfield, A.K., Tytko, S.A., Deodhar, S., and Willis, C.E. (1973). Antioxidants and cancer. 1. Selenium in the blood of normals and cancer patients. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.50, 863–870.
8.
8. McConnell, K.P., Jager, R.M., Bland, K.I., and Blotcky, A.J. (1980). The relationship between dietary selenium and breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol.15, 67–70.
9.
9. Calautti, P., Moschini, G., Stievano, B.M., Tomio, L., Calzavara, F., and Perona, G. (1980). Serum selenium levels in malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Scand. J. Haematol.24, 63–66.
10.
10. McConnell, K.P., Broghamer, W.L., Blotcky, A.J., and Hurt, O.J. (1975). Selenium levels in human blood and tissues in health and in disease. J. Nutr.105, 1026–1031.
11.
11. Robinson, M.F., Godfrey, P.J., Thomson, C.D., Rea, H.M., and vanRij, A.M. (1979). Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal subjects and in surgical patients with and without cancer in New Zealand. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.32, 1477–1485.
12.
12. Broghamer, W.L., McConnell, K.P., Grimaldi, M., and Blotcky, A.J. (1978). Serum selenium and reticuloendothelial tumors. Cancer41, 1462–1466.
13.
13. Goodwin, W.J., Lane, W.H., Bradford, K., Marshall, M.V., Griffin, C., Geopfert, H., and Jesse, R.H. (1983). Selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels in patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Cancer51, 110–115.
14.
14. Baumgartner, W.A., Hill, V.A., and Wright, E.T. (1978). Antioxidant effects in the development of Erlich ascites carcinoma. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.31, 457–465.
15.
15. Sundstrom, H., Yrjanheikki, E., and Kauppila, A. (1984). Serum selenium in patients with ovarian cancer during and after therapy. Carcinogenesis5, 731–734.
16.
16. Willett, W.C., Polk, B.F., Morris, J.S., Stampfer, M.J., Pressel, S., Rosner, B., Taylor, J.O., Schneider, K., and Hames, C.G. (1983). Prediagnostic serum selenium and risk of cancer. Lancet2, 130–134.
17.
17. Clark, L.C., Graham, G.F., Crounse, K.G., Grimson, R., Hulka, B., and Shy, C.M. (1984). Plasma selenium and skin neoplasms: A case-control study. Nutr. Cancer6, 13–21.
18.
18. Dawson, E.B., Nosovitch, J.T., and Hannigan, E.V. (1984). Serum vitamin and selenium changes in cervical dysplasia. Fed. Proc.43, 612. (abstract).
19.
19. McKown, D.M., and Morris, J.S. (1978). Rapid measurement of selenium in biological samples using instrumental neutron activation analyses. J. Radioanal. Chem.43, 411–420.
20.
20. Salonen, J.T., Alfthan, G., Huttunen, J.K., and Puska, P. (1984). Association between serum selenium and the risk of cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol.120, 342–349.
21.
21. Salonen, J.T., Salonen, R., Lappetlainen, R., Maenpaa, P.H., Alfthan, G., and Puska, P. (1985). Risk of cancer in relation to serum concentrations of selenium and vitamins A and E: Matched case-control analysis of prospective data. Br. Med. J.290, 417–420.
22.
22. Clark, L.C., Graham, G., and Bray, J. (1985). Nonmelanoma skin cancer and plasma selenium: A prospective cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol.122, 528. (abstract).
23.
23. Lloyd, B., Lloyd, R.S., and Clayton, B.E. (1983). Effect of smoking, alcohol, and other factors on the selenium status of a healthy population. J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health37, 213–217.
24.
24. Levander, O.A. (1982). Clinical consequences of low selenium intake and its relationship to vitamin E. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.360, 70–82.
25.
25. Diplock, A.T. (1978). The biological function of vitamin E and the nature of the interaction of the vitamin with selenium. World Rev. Nutr. Diet31, 178–183.
26.
26. Combs, G.F., and Scott, M.L. (1977). Nutritional interrelationships of vitamin E and selenium. Biol. Sci.27, 467–473.
27.
27. Ip, C., and Ip, M. (1981). Chemoprevention of mammary tumorigenesis by a combined regimen of selenium and vitamin A. Carcinogenesis2, 915–918.
28.
28. Ip, C., and Sinha, D.K. (1981). Enhancement of mammary tumorigenesis by dietary selenium deficiency in rats with a high polyunsaturated fat intake. Cancer Res.41, 31–34.
29.
29. Levander, O.A. (1982). Selenium: Biochemical actions, interactions, and some human health implications. In: Clinical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Aspects of Trace Elements. A.S. Prasad (ed.). New York: Liss, pp. 345–368.
30.
30. Schrauzer, G.N., White, D.A., and Schneider, C.J. (1977). Cancer Mortality correlation studies. IV: Associations with dietary intakes and blood levels of certain trace elements, notably Se-antagonists. Bioinorg. Chem.7, 35–56.
31.
31. MacMahon, B., and Pugh, T.F. (1970). Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
32.
32. Willett, W.C., Sampson, L., Stampfer, M.J., Rosner, B., Bain, C., Witschi, J., Hennekens, C.H., and Speizer, F.E. (1985). Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am. J. Epidemiol.122, 51–65.
33.
33. Keshan Disease Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing. (1979). Epidemiologic studies on the etiologic relationship of selenium and Keshan disease. Chinese Med. J.92, 477–482.
34.
34. Morris, J.S., Stampfer, M.J., and Willett, W. (1983). Dietary selenium in humans: Toenails as an indicator. Biol. Trace Element Res.5, 529–537.
35.
35. Whanger, P.D. (1986). Some comparative aspects of selenite and selenomethionine metabolism. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol.5, 101–110.
36.
36. Thompson, H.J., Meeker, L.D., and Kohosha, S. (1984). Effect of an inorganic and organic form of dietary selenium on the promotional stage of mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Res.44, 2803–2806.
37.
37. Reddy, B.S., Tanaka, T., and El-Bayoumy, K. (1985). Inhibitory effect of dietary p-methoxy-benzeneselenol on azoxymethane-induced colon and kidney carcinogenesis in female F344 rats. JNCI74, 1325–1328.
38.
38. El-Bayoumy, K. (1985). Effects of organoselenium compounds on induction of mouse forestomach tumors by benzo(a)pyrene. Cancer Res.45, 3621–3625.
39.
39. Smith, M.I., and Westfall, B.B. (1937). Further field studies on the selenium problem in relation to public health. Pub. Health Rep.52, 1375–1384.
40.
40. Lemley, R.E., and Merryman, L. (1941). Selenium poisoning in the human. J. Lancet61, 435–438.
41.
41. Jaffe, W.G., Mondragon, M.C., et al. (1972). Estudio clinico y bioquimico en ninos escolares de una zona selenifera. Arch. Latin. Nutr.22, 595–611.
42.
42. Jaffe, W.G. (1973). Selenium in food-plants and feeds. Toxicology and nutrition. Qual. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.23, 191–204.
43.
43. Yang, G., Wang, S., Zhou, R., et al. (1983). Endemic selenium intoxication of humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.37, 872–881.
44.
44. Sakurai, H., and Tsuchiya, K. (1975). A tentative recommendation for the maximum daily intake of selenium. Environ. Physiol. Biochem.5, 107–118.
45.
45. Buell, D.N. (1983). Potential hazards of selenium as a chemopreventive agent. Semin. Oncol.10, 311–321.
46.
46. Koivistoinen, P.E., companion paper, this issue.