1. Ip, C. (1986). The chemopreventive role of selenium in carcinogenesis. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol.5, 7–20.
2.
2. Medina, D. (1985). Selenium and murine mammary tumorigenesis. In: Diet, Nutrition and Cancer: A Critical Evaluation. B. Reddy and L. Cohen (eds.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
3.
3. DeOme, K.B., Faulkin, L.J. Jr., Bern, H.A., and Blair, P.B. (1959). Development of mammary tumors from hyperplastic alveolar nodules transplanted into gland-free mammary pads of female C3H mice. Cancer Res.19, 515–519.
4.
4. Medina, D. (1973). Preneoplastic lesions in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Methods Cancer Res.7, 3–53.
5.
5. Cardiff, R.D., Wellings, S.R., and Faulin, L.J. Jr. (1977). Biology of breast neoplasia. Cancer39, 2734–2746.
6.
6. Medina, D., Lane, H.W., and Shepherd, F. (1983). Effect of dietary selenium levels on 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer4, 1159–1164.
7.
7. Schrauzer, G.N., and Ishmael, D. (1974). Effects of selenium and arsenic on the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in inbred C3H mice. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.4, 441–447.
8.
8. Schrauzer, G.N., White, D.A., and Schneider, C.J. (1976). Inhibition of the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice: Effects of selenium and of selenium-antagonistic elements and their possible role in human breast cancer. Bioinorg. Chem.6, 265–270.
9.
9. Schrauzer, G.N., McGinness, J.E., and Kuehn, K. (1980). Effects of temporary selenium supplementation on the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in inbred female C3H/St mice. Carcinogenesis1, 199–201.
10.
10. Medina, D., and Shepherd, F. (1980). Selenium-mediated inhibition of mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett.8, 241–245.
11.
11. Medina, D., and Shepherd, F. (1981). Selenium-mediated inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis2, 451–455.
12.
12. Welsch, C.W., Goodrich-Smith, M., Brown, C.K., Green, H.D., and Hamel, E.J. (1981). Selenium and the genesis of murine mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis2, 519–522.
13.
13. Schrauzer, G.N., White, D.A., and Schneider, C.J. (1978). Selenium and cancer: Effects of selenium and of the diet on the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in virgin inbred female C3H/St mice. Bioinorg. Chem.8, 387–396.
14.
14. Whanger, P., Schmitz, J.A., and Exon, H.J. (1982). Influence of diet on the effects of selenium in the genesis of mammary tumors. Nutr. Cancer3, 240–248.
15.
15. Ip, C. (1981). Factors influencing the anticarcinogenic efficacy of selenium in dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Cancer Res.41, 2683–2686.
16.
16. Chatterjee, M., and Banerjee, M.R. (1982). Selenium-mediated dose inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced transformation of mammary cells in organ culture. Cancer Lett.17, 187–195.
17.
17. Ip, C. (1981). Prophylaxis of mammary neoplasia by selenium supplementation to the initiation and promotion phases of chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Res.41, 4386–4390.
18.
18. Thompson, H.J., and Becci, P.J. (1980). Selenium inhibition of N-methyl-N-nitrosoureal-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.65, 1299–1301.
19.
19. Medina, D., and Lane, H.W. (1983). Stage specificity of selenium-mediated inhibition of mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Biol. Trace Element Res.5, 297–306.
20.
20. Russo, J., Tay, L.K., and Russo, I.M. (1982). Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.2, 5–73.
21.
21. Grubbs, C.J., Hill, D.L., McDonough, K.C., and Peckham, J.C. (1983). N-Nitroso-N-methyl-urea-induced mammary carcinogenesis: Effect of pregnancy on preneoplastic cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.71, 625–628.
22.
22. Medina, D., and Shepherd, F. (1984). Selenium inhibition of the neoplastic transformation in preneoplastic mammary cell populations. Cancer Lett.24, 227–234.
23.
23. Ip, C. (1982). Modification of mammary carcinogenesis and tissue peroxidation by selenium deficiency and dietary fat. Nutr. Cancer2, 136–142.
24.
24. Greeder, G.A., and Milner, J.A. (1980). Factors influencing the inhibitory effects of selenium on mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Science209, 825–827.
25.
25. Milner, J.A., and Hsu, C.Y. (1981). Inhibitory effects of selenium on the growth of L1210 leukemic cells. Cancer Res.41, 1652–1656.
26.
26. Watrach, A.M., Milner, J.A., and Watrach, M.A. (1982). Effect of selenium on growth rate of canine mammary carcinoma cells in athymic nude mice. Cancer Lett.15, 137–143.
27.
27. Medina, D., and Oborn, C.J. (1981). Differential effects of selenium on the growth of mouse mammary cells in vitro. Cancer Lett.13, 333–344.
28.
28. Lane, H.W., and Medina, D. (1983). Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal and neoplastic development of the mouse mammary gland. Cancer Res.45, 1558–1561.
29.
29. Ip, C., and Daniel, F.B. (1985). Effects of selenium on 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis and DNA adduct formation. Cancer Res.45, 61–65.
30.
30. Lane, H.W., Tracey, C.K., and Medina, D. (1984). Growth, reproduction rates and mammary gland selenium concentration and glutathione-peroxidase activity of BALB/c female mice fed two dietary levels of selenium. J. Nutr.114, 323–331.
31.
31. Medina, D., Lane, H.W., and Tracey, C.M. (1983). Selenium and mouse mammary tumorigenesis: An investigation of possible mechanisms. Cancer Res.43, 2460–2464.
32.
32. Jacobs, M.M., Frost, C.F., and Beams, F.A. (1981). Biochemical and clinical effects of selenium on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats. Cancer Res.41, 4458–4465.
33.
33. Birt, D.F., Lawson, T.A., Julius, A.D., Runice, C.E., and Salmasi, S. (1982). Inhibition of dietary selenium of colon cancer induced in the rat by bis(2-oxopropyl)nitrosamine. Cancer Res.42, 4455–4459.
34.
34. Ip, C., and Sinha, D. (1981). Anticarcinogenic effect of selenium in rats treated with dimethylbenzanthracene and fed different levels and types of fat. Carcinogenesis2, 435–438.
35.
35. Lane, H.W., and Medina, D. (1985). Studies on the mode of action of selenium inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.75, 675–679.
36.
36. Horvath, P.M., and Ip, C. (1983). Synergistic effect of vitamin E and selenium in the chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res.43, 5335–5341.
37.
37. Spallholz, J.E., Martin, J.L., Gerlach, M.L., and Heinzerling, R.H. (1973). Immunological responses of mice fed diets supplemented with selenite selenium. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.143, 685–689.
38.
38. Spallholz, J.E., Martin, J.L., Gerlach, M.L., and Heinzerling, R.H. (1973). Enhanced IgM and IgG titers in mice fed selenium. Infect. Immun.8, 841–842.
39.
39. Shakelford, J., and Martin, J. (1980). Antibody response of mature male mice after drinking water supplemented with selenium. Proc. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.39, 339.
40.
40. Martin, J.L., and Spallholz, J.E. (1977). Selenium in the immune response. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Pittsburgh: Industrial Health Foundation, pp. 204–225.
41.
41. Harbach, P.R., and Swenberg, J.A. (1981). Effects of selenium on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolism and DNA alkylation. Carcinogenesis2, 575–580.
42.
42. Gruenwedel, D.W., and Cruickshank, M.K. (1979). The influence of sodium selenite on the viability and intracellular synthetic activity (DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis) of the HeLa cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.50, 1–7.
43.
43. Medina, D., and Oborn, C.J. (1984). Selenium inhibition of DNA synthesis in mammary epithelial cell line YN-4. Cancer Res.44, 4361–4365.
44.
44. Medina, D., Morrison, D.G., and Oborn, C.J. (1985). Selenium retention and inhibition of cell growth in mouse mammary epithelial cell lines in vitro. Biological Trace Element Res.8, 19–35.
45.
1. Clayton, C.C., and Baumann, C.A. (1949). Diet and azo dye tumors: Effect of diet during a period when the dye is not fed. Cancer Res.9, 575–582.
46.
2. Daoud, A.H., and Griffin, A.C. (1980). Effect of retinoic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, selenium and sorbic acid on azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett.9, 299–304.
47.
3. Griffin, A.C., and Jacobs, M.M. (1977). Effects of selenium on azo dye hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett.3, 177–181.
48.
4. Harr, J.R., Exon, J.H., Weswig, P.H., and Whanger, P.D. (1973). Relationship of dietary selenium concentration, chemical cancer induction, and tissue concentration of selenium in rats. Clin. Toxicol.6, 487–495.
49.
5. Marshall, M.V., Arnott, M.S., Jacobs, M.M., and Griffin, A.C. (1979). Selenium effects on the carcinogenicity and metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Lett.7, 331–338.
50.
6. LeBoeuf, R.A., Laishes, B.A., and Hoekstra, W.G. (1983). Effect of dietary selenium concentration on early post-initiation stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Fed. Proc.42, 669.
51.
7. Dorado, R.D., Aquino, T.M., and Porta, E.A. (1984). Effects of dietary selenium on preneoplastic and neoplastic hepatic and renal lesions chemically induced in rats. Fed. Proc.43, 794.
52.
8. Ip, C. (1981). Factors influencing the anticarcinogenic efficacy of selenium in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Cancer Res.41, 2683–2686.
53.
9. Ip, C. (1981). Prophylaxis of mammary neoplasia by selenium supplementation in the initiation and promotion phases of chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Res.41, 4386–4390.
54.
10. Thompson, H.J., Meeker, L.D., Becci, P.J., and Kokoska, S. (1982). Effect of short-term feeding of sodium selenite on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Res.42, 4954–4958.
55.
11. Thompson, H.J., Meeker, L.D., and Kokoska, S. (1984). Effect of an inorganic and organic form of dietary selenium on the promotional stage of mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Res.44, 2803–2806.
56.
12. Welsch, C.W., Goodrich-Smith, M., Brown, C.K., Greene, H.D., and Hamel, E.J. (1981). Selenium and the genesis of murine mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis2, 519–522.
57.
13. Young, E.O., and Milner, J.A. (1981). Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary tumors by selenium. Fed. Proc.40, 949.
58.
14. Thompson, H.J., and Becci, P.J. (1980). Selenium inhibition of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.65, 1299–1301.
59.
15. Medina, D., and Lane, H.W. (1983). Stage specificity of selenium mediated inhibition of mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Biol. Trace Element Res.5, 297–306.
60.
16. Medina, D., Lane, H.W., and Shepherd, F. (1983). Effect of dietary selenium levels on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis4, 1159–1163.
61.
17. Medina, D., and Shepherd, F. (1981). Selenium mediated inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis2, 451–455.
62.
18. Ankerst, J., and Sjögren, H.O. (1982). Effect of selenium on the induction of breast fibroadenomas by adenovirus type 9 and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced bowel carcinogenesis in rats. Int. J. Cancer29, 707–710.
63.
19. Jacobs, M.M. (1983). Selenium inhibition of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res.43, 1646–1649.
64.
20. Jacobs, M.M., Forst, C.J., and Beams, F.A. (1981). Biochemical and clinical effects of selenium on dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in rats. Cancer Res.41, 4458–4465.
65.
21. Jacobs, M.M., Jansson, B., and Griffin, A.C. (1977). Inhibitory effects of selenium on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and methylazoxymethanol acetate induction of colon tumors. Cancer Lett.2, 133–138.
66.
22. Soullier, B.K., Wilson, P.S., and Nigro, N.D. (1981). Effect of selenium on azoxymethane induced intestinal cancer in rats fed high fat diet. Cancer Lett.12, 343–348.
67.
23. Birt, D.F., Lawson, T.A., Julius, A.D., Runice, C.E., and Salmasi, S. (1982). Inhibition by dietary selenium of colon cancer induced in the rat by bis(2-oxopropyl)nitrosamine. Cancer Res.42, 4455–4459.
68.
24. Shamberger, R.J. (1970). Relationship of selenium to cancer. I. Inhibitory effect of selenium on carcinogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.44, 931–936.
69.
25. Wilt, S., Pereira, M., and Couri, D. (1979). Selenium effect on initiation and promotion of tumors by benzo(a)pyrene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res.20, 21.
70.
26. Thompson, H.J., and Becci, P. (1979). Effect of graded dietary levels of selenium on tracheal carcinomas induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. Cancer Lett.7, 215–219.
71.
27. O'Connor, T.P., and Campbell, T.C. (1984). Influence of dietary fat and selenium on l-azaserine-induced preneoplastic abnormal acinar cell nodule development. Fed. Proc.43, 794.
72.
28. O'Connor, T.P., Youngman, L.D., and Campbell, T.C. (1983). Effect of selenium on development of l-azaserine-induced preneoplastic abnormal acinar cell nodules in rat pancreas. Fed. Proc.42, 670.
73.
29. Birt, D.F., Julius, A.D., and Pour, P.M. (1984). Increased pancreatic carcinogenesis in Syrian hamsters fed high selenium diets. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res.25, 133.
74.
30. Witting, C., Witting, U., and Krieg, V. (1982). The tumor protective effect of selenium in an experimental model. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.104, 109–113.
75.
31. Ip, C., and Sinha, D. (1981). Enhancement of mammary tumorigenesis by dietary selenium deficiency in rats with a high polyunsaturated fat intake. Cancer Res.41, 31–34.
76.
32. Baldwin, S., Parker, R.S., and Misselbeck, N. (1983). Effect of dietary fat and selenium on the development of preneoplastic lesions in rat liver. Fed. Proc.42, 1312.
77.
33. Siami, G., Schulert, A.R., and Neal, R.A. (1972). A possible role for the mixed function oxidase enzyme system in the requirement for selenium in the rat. J. Nutr.102, 857–862.
78.
34. Maines, M.D., and Kappas, A. (1976). Selenium regulation of hepatic heme metabolism: Induction of δ-aminolevulinate synthase and heme oxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA73, 4428–4431.
79.
35. Schnell, R.C., and Early, J.L. (1981). Interaction between selenium and phenobarbital on drug response and hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in the male rat. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharm.32, 181–184.
80.
36. Horvath, P.M., and Ip, C. (1983). Synergistic effect of vitamin E and selenium in the chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res.43, 5335–5341.
81.
37. Ip, C., and Daniel, F.B. (1985). Effects of selenium on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary carcinogenesis and DNA adduct formation. Cancer Res.45, 61–65.
82.
38. Daoud, A.H., and Griffin, A.C. (1978). Effects of selenium and retinoic acid on the metabolism of N-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxyacetylaminofluorene. Cancer Lett.5, 231–237.
83.
39. Ip, C. (1984). Comparative effects of antioxidants on enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism. Life Sci.34, 2501–2506.
84.
40. Ip, C. (1985). Attenuation of the anticarcinogenic action of selenium by vitamin E deficiency. Cancer Lett. In press.
85.
41. Jacobs, M.M., and Forst, C. (1981). Toxicological effects of sodium selenite in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health8, 575–585.
86.
42. Jacobs, M.M., and Forst, C. (1981). Toxicological effects of sodium selenite in Swiss mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health8, 587–598.
87.
43. Wortzman, M.S., Besbris, H.J., and Cohen, A.M. (1980). Effect of dietary selenium on the interaction between 2-acetylaminofluorene and rat liver DNA in vivo. Cancer Res.40, 2670–2676.
88.
44. Lawson, T., and Birt, D.F. (1983). Enhancement of the repair of carcinogen-induced DNA damage in the hamster pancreas by dietary selenium. Chem. Biol. Interact.45, 95–104.
89.
45. Bull, A.W., Burd, A.D., and Nigro, N.D. (1981). Effect of inhibitors of tumorigenesis on the formation of O6-methylguanine in the colon of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine treated rats. Cancer Res.41, 4938–4941.
90.
46. Harbach, P.R., and Swenberg, J.A. (1981). Effects of selenium on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolism and DNA alkylation. Carcinogenesis2, 575–580.
91.
47. Daniel, F.B., and Joyce, N.J. (1983). DNA adduct formation by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its noncarcinogenic 2-fluoro analogue in female Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.70, 111–118.
92.
48. Banner, W.P., Tan, Q.H., and Zedeck, M.S. (1982). Selenium and the acute effects of the carcinogens, 2-acetylaminofluorene and methylazoxymethanol acetate. Cancer Res.42, 2985–2989.
93.
49. Ip, C. (1984). Anticarcinogenic effect of selenium in the dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary tumor model in rats. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.61, 1881–1887.
94.
50. Medina, D., Lane, H.W., and Tracy, C.M. (1983). Selenium and mouse mammary tumorigenesis: An investigation of possible mechanisms. Cancer Res.43, 2460–2464.
95.
51. Medina, D., and Oborn, C.J. (1984). Selenium inhibition of DNA synthesis in mouse mammary epithelial cell line YN-4. Cancer Res.44, 4361–4365.
96.
52. Thompson, H.J., Meeker, L.D., and Becci, P. (1981). Effect of combined selenium and retinyl acetate treatment on mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res.41, 1413–1416.
97.
53. Ip, C., and Ip, M.M. (1981). Chemoprevention of mammary tumorigenesis by a combined regimen of selenium and vitamin A. Carcinogenesis2, 915–918.
98.
54. Nigro, N.D., Bull, A.W., Wilson, P.S., Soullier, B.K., and Alousi, M.A. (1982). Combined inhibitors of carcinogenesis: Effect on azoxymethane induced intestinal cancer in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.69, 103–107.
99.
55. Mirvish, S.S. (1981). Ascorbic acid inhibition of N-nitroso compound formation in chemical, food and biological systems. In: Inhibition of Tumor Induction and Developments. M.S. Zedeck and M. Lipkin (eds.). New York: Plenum Publishing Corp., pp. 101–126.
100.
56. Jacobs, M.M. (1980). Effects of selenium on chemical carcinogenesis. Prev. Med.9, 362–367.
101.
57. Ip, C. (1982). Dietary vitamin E intake and mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis3, 1453–1456.
