Aquatic animals provide useful models for toxicological evaluations that bridge the gap between real world and laboratory problems. Select aquatic organisms are adaptable to laboratory experimentation in areas such as acute toxicity testing and chronic sublethal risks evaluation, including such phenomena as carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and teratogenesis. General and specific examples of how aquatic animals are useful to toxicologists, as well as theoretical bases for their use, are discussed in this paper.
References
1.
1. Morgan, T.H. (1927). Experimental Embryology.New York: Columbia University Press.
2.
2. Metchnikov, E. (1892). Lecons sur la Pathologie Comparee de l'Inflammatiton. Paris. G. Masson. Translation: Starling, F.A., and Starling, E.H. (eds.) (1968). Lectures on the Comparative Pathology of Inflammation.New York: Dover.
3.
3. Oppenheimer, J.M. (1979). Fifty years of Fundulus. Q. Rev. Biol.54, 385–395.
4.
4. Dawe, C.J., and Couch, J.A. (1984). Debate: Mouse vs minnow: the future of fish in carcinogenicity testing. Proc. Symp. on The Use of Small Fish Species in Carcinogenicity Testing. Natl. Cancer Institute Monograph. No. 65, 223–235.
5.
5. Sindermann, C.J. (1979). Pollution-associated diseases and abnormalities of fish and shellfish: a review. Fishery Bull.76, 717–749.
6.
6. Couch, J.A. (1982). Aquatic animals as indicators of environmental exposures. J. Environ. Sci. HealthA17, 473–476.
7.
7. Couch, J.A., Winstead, J.T., and Goodman, L.R. (1977). Kepone-induced scoliosis and its histological consequences in fish. Science197, 585–587.
