This study explores SPECT measured in schizophrenic patients at rest. Left temporal lobe activity was found to be decreased with increasing positive symptom's scores scores. Medicated patients showed a reversal of this pattern underlying this positive symptom effect. Patients with a recent history of auditory hallucinations showed an atypical right temporal lobe dominance, which occurred independently of medication status. These preliminary data are suggestive of the potential utility of SPECT to elucidate symptom/medication/brain activity interrelationships in schizophrenia.
References
1.
IngvarDHFranzenG.Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet1974; 2:1484–1486.
2.
IngvarDHFranzenG.Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica1974; 50:425–462.
3.
ArielRNGoldenCJBergRARegional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry1983; 40:258–263.
4.
KurachiMKobayashiKMatsubaraRRegional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenic disorders. European Neurology1985; 24:176–181.
5.
WeinbergerDRBermanKFZecRFPhysiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry1986; 43:114–124.
6.
BermanKFZecRFWeinbergerDR.Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. II. Role of neuroleptic treatment, attention and mental effort. Archives of General Psychiatry1986; 43:126–135.
7.
ChabrolHGuellABesAMoronP.Cerebral blood flow in schizophrenic adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry1986; 143:130–139.
8.
GeraudGArne-BesMCGuellABesA.Reversibility of hemodynamic hypofrontality in schizophrenia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism1987; 7(1): 9–12.
9.
MathewRJWilsonWHTantSRAbnormal rest regional cerebral blood flow patterns and their correlates in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry1988; 45: 542–549.
WeinbergerDRBermanKFIllowskyBP.Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. III. A new cohort and evidence for a monoaminergic mechanism. Archives of General Psychiatry1988; 45: 609–615.
12.
WoodFBFlowersDL.Hypofrontal vs hypo-sylvian blood flow in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin1990; 16:413–424.
13.
MathewRJMeyerStirling JSFrancisDJSchoolarJCWeinmanMMortelPHMortelKF.Regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia: A preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry1981; 138: 112–113.
14.
MathewRJDuncanGCWeinmannMLBarrDL.Regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry1982; 39:1121–1124.
15.
GurRESkolnicBEGurRCBrain function in psychiatric disorders. I. Regional cerebral blood flow in medicated schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry1983; 40:1250–1254.
16.
GurREGurRCSkolnickBEBrain function in psychiatric disorders. III. Regional cerebral blood flow in unmedicated schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry1985; 42:329–334.
17.
WarkentinSNilssonAKarlsonS. Regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia and cycloid psychosis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism1985; 5:S185–186.
18.
DousseMMamoHPonsinJCDinhYT.Cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. Experimental Neurology1988; 199: 98–111.
19.
WarkentinSNilssonARisbergJRegional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia: repeated studies during a psychotic episode. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging1990; 35: 27–38.
20.
BuchsbaumMSIngvarDHKesslerRWatersRNCappellettiJvan KammenDPKingCJohnsonJManningRFFlynnRWMannLSBunneyWSokoloffL.Cerebral glucography with positron tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry1982; 39:251–259.
21.
BuchsbaumMSde LisiLEHolcombHHCappellettiJKingACJohnsonJHazlettEDowling-ZimmermanSPostRNorihisaJCarpenterWCohenRPickarDWeinbergerDMargolinRKesslerR.Anteroposterior gradients in cerebral glucose use in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry1984; 41: 1159–1166.
22.
FarkasTWolfAPJaegerJBrodieJDChristmanDRFowlerJS.Regional brain glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. A positron emission transaxial tomographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry1984; 41: 293–300.
23.
WolkinAJaegerJBrodieJDWolfAFowlerJRotresenJ.Gomez-Mont F, Cuacro R. Persistence of cerebral metabolic abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia as determined by positron emission tomography. American Journal of Psychiatry1985; 142: 564–571.
24.
WolkinAAngristBWolfALow frontal glucose utilization in chronic schizophrenia: A replication study. American Journal of Psychiatry1988; 145:251–253.
25.
WidenLBlomgristG.Studies of schizophrenia with positron CT. Journal of Clinical Neuropharmacology1984; 7: 538–539.
26.
VolkowNDWolfAPvan GelderPPhenomenological correlates of metabolic activity in 18 patients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry1987; 144:151–158.
27.
BuchsbaumMS.The frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and temporal lobes as sites for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin1990; 16: 379–389.
28.
CohenRMGossMNordahlTEDysfunction in a prefrontal substrate of sustained attention in schizophrenia. Life Sciences1987; 40:2031–2039.
29.
KishimotoHKuwaharaHOhnoSThree subtypes of chronic schizophrenia identified using 11C-glucose positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Research1987; 21:285–292.
KlingASMetterEJRiegeWHKhulDE.Comparison of PET measurement of local brain glucose metabolism and CAT measurement of brain atrophy in chronic schizophrenia and depression. American Journal of Psychiatry1986; 143:175–180.
32.
WieselFAWikGSjogrenIBlomqvistGGreitzT.Altered relationships between metabolic rates of glucose in brain regions of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica1987; 76: 642–647.
33.
CohenRMSempleWEGrossMNordahlTEKingACPickarDPostRM.Evidence of common alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in major affective disorders and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology1989; 2:241–254.
34.
CleghornJMGarnettESNahmiasCFirmanGBrownGMKaplanRDSzechtmanHSzechtmanB.Increased frontal and reduced parietal glucose metabolism in acute untreated schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research1989; 28: 119–133.
35.
SzechtmanHJNahmiasCGarnettSFirnaiGBrownGKaplerRCleghornJ.Effects of neuroleptics on altered cerebral glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry1988; 45:523–532.
36.
AlaviADannRChaulukJ.Positron emission tomography imaging of regional cerebral glucose metabolism. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine1986; 16: 2–34.
37.
AlaviAGurREResnickS.Prominence of basal ganglia metabolic activity in schizophrenia. Journal of Nuclear Medicine1986; 27:901.
38.
EarlyTSReimanEMRaichleMESpitznagelEL.Left globus pallidus abnormality in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA1987; 84:561–563.
39.
GurREResnickSMAlaviAGurRCCaroffSDannRSilverFSaytainAChawlukJKushnerMReivichM.Regional brain function in schizophrenia. I. A positron emission tomography study. Archives of General Psychiatry1987; 44: 119.
40.
ErbasBKumbasarHErbengiGBekdikC.Tc-99m HMPAO/SPECT determination of regional cerebral blood flow changes in schizophrenics. Clinical Nuclear Medicine1990; 15:904–7.
41.
HawtonKShepstoneBSoperNReznekL.Single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry1990; 156:425–427.
42.
PaulmanRGDevousMDGregoryRRHermanJHJenningsLBonteFJNasrallahHARaeseJD.Hypofrontality and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Dynamic single-photon tomography and neuropsychological assessment of schizophrenic brain function. Biological Psychiatry1990; 27:377–399.
43.
SiegKWillsieDPrestonDGaffneyG.Brain imaging: evoked potential, quantitative EEG and SPECT abnormalities in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience1991; 16:41–44.
44.
LewisSWFordRASyedGMReveleyAMTooneBK.A controlled study of 99mTc-HMPAO single photon emission imaging in chronic schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine1992; 22:27–35.
45.
O'ConnellRAvan HeertumRLBillickSBHoltARGonzalezANotardonatoHLuckDKingLN.Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with (123-I)IMP in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry1989; 1:145–153.
46.
HawtonKShepstoneBSoperNReznekL.Single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry1990; 156:425–427.
47.
GyobuTInanoGMatsudaHHisadaK.A clinical study of auditory hallucinations by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using N-isopropyl-P 123 iodoamphetamine. Seishin Shinkeyaku Zasshi (English abstract)1988; 90:334–353.
48.
SimonT.IMP brain imaging in patients with schizophrenia and major affective disorders. (Abstract). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology1988; 10: 322.
49.
SimonTPaulmanRHomanRDevousMRaeseJWalkerBBonteF.Single-photon emission computed tomography of the brain with Xenon-133 and iodoamphetamine. Journal of Nuclear Medicine1987; 28:570.
50.
NotardonatoHGonzalez-AvilezAvan HeertumRO'ConnellRAYuddAP.The potential value of serial cerebral SPECT scanning in the evaluation of psychiatric illness. Clinical Nuclear Medicine1989; 14:319–322.
51.
DevousMDRaeseJDHermanJHRegional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenic patients at rest and during Wisconsin card sort tasks. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism1985; 5:S201–202.
52.
DevousMDPaulmanPGRaeseJDHermanJHGregoryRRBonteFJ.SPECT regional cerebral blood flow measurements correlate with neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nuclear Medicine1987; 28:688–9.
53.
SagawaKKawakatsuSShibuyaICorrelation of regional cerebral blood flow with performance on neuropsychological tests in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research1990; 3:241–246.
54.
BajcMMedvedVBasicMTopuzovicNBabicD.Cerebral perfusion inhomogeneities in schizophrenia demonstrated with single photon emission computed tomography and Tc99m-hexamethylpropylene amineoxime. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica1989; 80:427–433.
55.
CohenMBLakeRRGrahamLSKingMAKlingASFittenLJO'RearJBroncaGAGanMServrinR.Quantitative iodine-123 IMP imaging of brain perfusion in schizophrenia. Journal of Nuclear Medicine1989; 30:1616–1620.
56.
Abdel-DayemHMEl-HiluSSehweilAHigaziEJahanSSalhatMAl-MohannadiS.Cerebral perfusion changes in schizophrenic patients using Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene amineoxime (HMPAO). Clinical Nuclear Medicine1990; 15:468–472.
57.
MatsudaHGyobuTHisadaK.Increased accumulation of n-isopropyl-(I-123)p-iodoamphetamine in the left auditory area in a schizophrenic patient with auditory hallucinations. Clinical Nuclear Medicine1988; 13:53–55.
58.
MusalekMPodrekaIWalterHSuessEPasswegVNutzingerDStroblRLeschOM.Regional brain function in hallucinations: a study of regional cerebral blood flow with 99m-Tc-HMPAO SPECT in patients with auditory hallucinations, tactile hallucinations, and normal controls. Comprehensive Psychiatry1989; 30:99–108.
59.
RobinsLNWingJHelzerJ.Composite International Diagnotic Interview (CIDI). World Health Organisation1987.
60.
EndicottJSpitzerRL.Use of the research diagnostic criteria and the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease1979; 171:34–39.
61.
AndreasenNOlsenSA.Negative vs positive schizophrenia: Definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry1982; 39:789–794.
62.
DevousMDRaeseJDHermanHHPaulmanRRGregoryRRRushAJChehabiHHBonteFJ.SPECT determination of regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenic patients at rest and during a mental task. Journal of Nuclear Medicine1986; 27:734.
63.
RossiAStrattaPD'AlbenzioLTartaroASchiozzaGdi MicheleVBolinoFCasachiaM.Reduced temporal lobe areas in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry1990; 27:61–8.
