A sample of 358 Kuwaiti volunteer college students responded to the Insomnia Scale, the Somatic Symptoms Inventory, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. The only significant sex difference was in somatic symptoms on which women had a higher mean score than the men. Correlations between scores on the Insomnia Scale and both Depression scales were .51 and .54 and for Somatic Symptoms were .53 and .61 (p <.01) among men and women, respectively. The factor analysis of the intercorrelations yielded a highly loaded general factor for Psychological Disorder in both samples.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abdel-KhalekA. M. (2003) The Somatic Symptoms Inventory (SSI): development, parameters and correlates. Current Psychiatry, 10, 114–129.
2.
Abdel-KhalekA. M. (2004) Prevalence of reported insomnia and its consequences in a survey of 5,044 adolescents in Kuwait. Sleep, 27, 726–731.
3.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). (4th ed.) Washington, DC: APA.
4.
American Sleep Disorders Association. (1997) International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. (Rev.) Rochester, MN: Author.
5.
HirshkowitzM.MooreC. A.MinhotoG. (1997) The basics of sleep. In PressmanM. R.OrrW. C. (Eds.), Understanding sleep: the evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Pp. 11–34.
6.
JenkinsC. D.StantonB. A.NiemayK. S. J.RoseR. M. (1988) A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 41, 313–321.
7.
LiR. H. Y.WingY. K.HoS. C.FongS. Y. Y. (2002) Gender differences in insomnia-a study in Hong Kong Chinese population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 601–609.
8.
McGrathE.KeitaG. P.StricklandB. R.RussoN. F. (Eds.) (1995) Women and depression: risk factors and treatment issues. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
9.
MorinC. M.WareJ. C. (1996) Sleep and psychopathology. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5, 211–224.
10.
Nolen-HoeksemaS. (1990) Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univer. Press.
11.
RadloffL. S. (1977) The CES-D: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 385–401.
12.
RiemannD.VoderholzerU. (2003) Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression?Journal of Affective Disorders, 76, 255–259.
13.
RobertsR. E.RobertsC. R.ChenI. G. (2002) Impact of insomnia on future functioning of adolescents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 561–569.
14.
SilversteinB. (1999) Gender differences in the prevalence of clinical depression: the role played by depression associated with somatic symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 480–482.
15.
SPSS, Inc. (1990) SPSS: statistical data analysis. Chicago, IL: SPSS, Inc.
16.
SuttonD. A.MoldofskyH.BadleyE. M. (2001) Insomnia and health problems in Canadians. Sleep and Hypnosis, 24, 665–670.
17.
ThaseM. E. (1998) Depression, sleep and antidepressants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl. 4), 55–65.
