Literature is reviewed and summarized relevant to present cross-cultural, shamanic, and spiritual aspects of hypnosis. Explanations are offered within the framework of Woodard's theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis. Research on cross-cultural aspects of hypnosis could enhance understanding of phenomenological and perceptual aspects of hypnosis, increase knowledge of hypnotic phenomena, and expand understanding of perceptual awareness. A summary of the qualitative research methodologies to enhance understanding of multicultural hypnotic experiences is presented. This groundwork provides for further exploration of cross-cultural hypnosis. Surprisingly, some suggestions have remained underutilized or not published.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AckerknechtE. H. (1948) “Mesmerism” in primitive societies. Ciha Symposia, 9, 826.
2.
AgoginoG. A. (1965) The use of hypnotism as an ethnologic research technique. Plains Anthropologist, 10, 31–36.
3.
AksteinD. (1973) Hipnologia. Vol. 1. Rio De Janeiro: Hypnos.
4.
BogorasW. (1909) Rhe Chuckchee memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. XI. New York: Leiden.
5.
BourguignonE.EvascuT. (1977) Altered states of consciousness within a general evolutionary perspective: A holocultural analysis. Behavior Science Research, 12, 199–216.
6.
BowersM. K. (1961) Hypnotic aspects of Haitian voodoo. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 9, 269–282.
7.
BulataoS. J. (1982) Local cases of possession and their cure. Philippine Studies, 30, 415–425.
8.
CarstairsG. M. (1973) Psychiatric problems in developing countries. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 271–277.
9.
ChongT. M. (1966) The use of hypnosis as an adjunct in surgery. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 8, 178–180.
10.
CombsA. W.RichardA. C.RichardsF. (1988) Perceptual psychology: A humanistic approach to the study of persons. Lanham, MD: Univer. Press of America.
11.
DevereuxG. (1966) Cultural factors in hypnosis and suggestion: An examination of some primitive data. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14, 273–291.
12.
EricksonM. H. (1965) Editor's comment. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 7, 281.
13.
EricksonM. H. (1966) Editor's comment. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 8, 173.
14.
EricksonM. H. (1980) The collected papers of Milton H. Erickson. Vol. 1. The nature of hypnosis and suggestion. (RossiE. L., Ed.) New York: Irvington.
15.
EsdaileJ. (1846) Mesmerisms in India and its practical applications in surgery and medicine. London: Longmans, Brown, Green, & Longmans.
16.
FeinhandlerS. J. (1971) A cross-cultural study of trance. Proceedings of the 79th Convention, American Psychological Association.
17.
FiedlerF. E. (1950) The concept of an ideal therapeutic relationship. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 14, 239–242.
18.
FieldM. J. (1969) Spirit possession in Ghana: Spirit mediumship and society in Africa. New York: Africana.
19.
GiorgiA. (1970) Psychology as a human science. New York: Harper & Row.
GreenfieldS. M. (1992) Hypnosis and trance induction in the surgeries of Brazilian spiritist healer-mediums. Anthropology of Consciousness, 2, 20–25.
22.
GubelI. (1967) Sophrology. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 9, 247–251.
23.
HarwoodA. (Ed.) (1981) Ethnicity and medical care. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer. Press.
24.
KardecA. (1989) The book of spirits: The principles of spiritist doctrine. Albuquerque, NM: Brotherhood of Life.
25.
KimS. C. (1967) Korean shamanism and hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 9, 193–197.
26.
KimS. C. (1969) A further study of Korean shamanism and hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 11, 183–190.
27.
KimS. C. (1983) Ericksonian hypnotic framework for Asian-Americans. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 25, 235–241.
28.
KleinmanA. (1980) Patients and healers in the context of culture. Berkeley, CA: Univer. of California Press.
29.
KnappM. L. (1972) Nonverbal communication in human interaction. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
30.
KrippnerS. (1986) Soviet and American perspectives on hidden reserves and human potentials. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 26, 84–97.
31.
KrippnerS. (1993) Cross-cultural perspectives on hypnotic-like procedures used by native healing practitioners. In RhueJ. W.LynnS. J.KirschI. (Eds.), Handbook of clinical hypnosis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Pp. 691–718.
32.
KrippnerS. (2004) Hypnotic-like procedures used by indigenous healing practitioners. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis, Anaheim, CA, March.
33.
KuhnT. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago, IL: Chicago Univer. Press.
34.
LeeC. C.ArmstrongK. L. (1995) Indigenous models of mental health intervention. In PonterottoJ. G.CasasJ. M.SuzukiL. A.AlexanderC. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pp. 441–456.
35.
LewisI. M. (1971) Ecstatic religion: An anthropological study of spirit possession and shamanism. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
36.
LintonR. (1956) Culture and mental illness. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
37.
MesmerF. A. (1980) Mesmerism: A translation of the original medical and scientific writings of F. A. Mesmer, M.D. (BlochG. J., Transl.) Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman.
38.
RaikovV. L. (1976) The possibility of creativity in the active stage of hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 4, 285–268.
39.
RaikovV. L. (1977) Theoretical analysis of deep hypnosis: Creative activity of hypnotized subjects into transformed self-consciousness. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 19, 214–220.
40.
RicheportM. M. (1988) Transcultural issues in Ericksonian hypnotherapy. In LanktonS. R.ZeigJ. F. (Eds.), Treatment of special populations with Ericksonian approaches. (Monograph No. 3) New York: Brunner & Mazel. Pp. 130–147.
41.
RicheportM. M. (1992) The interface between multiple personality, spirit mediumship, and hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 34, 168–177.
42.
RogersS. L. (1982) The shaman: His symbols and his healing power. Springfield, IL: Thomas. Snygg, D. S. (1941) The need for a phenomenological system of psychology. Psychological Review, 48, 404–424.
43.
SnyggD. S.CombsA. W. (1949) Individual behavior: A new frame of reference for psychology. New York: Harper & Row.
44.
StephenM. (1989) Self, the sacred other, and autonomous imagination. In HerdtG.StephenM. (Eds.), In the religious imagination in New Guinea. New Brunswick & London: Rutgers Univer. Press. Pp. 41–64.
45.
SueD. W.SueD. (1977) Barriers to effective cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 420–429.
46.
TopperM. D. (1987) The traditional Navajo medicine man: Therapist, counselor, and community leader. Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology, 10, 217–249.
47.
WoodardF. J. (1996) Hypnosis and phenomenological-perceptual psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 209–218.
48.
WoodardF. J. (2001) A phenomenological inquiry of the psychologist during the hypnotic experience. Unpublished dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno, CA.
49.
WoodardF. J. (2003a) Perceptually oriented hypnosis. Psychological Reports, 92, 515–528.
50.
WoodardF. J. (2003b) Phenomenological contributions to understanding hypnosis: Review of the literature. Psychological Reports, 93, 829–847.
51.
WoodardF. J. (2004a) An argument for a qualitative research approach to hypnotic experiencing and perceptually oriented hypnosis. Psychological Reports, 94, 955–966.
52.
WoodardF. J. (2004b) A phenomenological and perceptual research methodology for understanding hypnotic experiencing. Psychological Reports, 95, 877–904.
53.
WoodardF. J. (2004c) Response to Lynn, et al.'s evaluation of Woodard's theory of perceptually oriented hypnosis. Psychological Reports, 95, 431–436.
54.
WoodardF. J. (in press) A preliminary phenomenological study of being hypnotized and hypnotizing. Psychological Reports.
55.
ZilboorgG. (1951) A history of medical psychology. New York: Norton.
