Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2004-12
A Longitudinal Study: Some Preliminary Results of Association of Prenatal Maternal Stress and Fetal Movements,Temperament Factors in Early Childhood and Behavior at Age 2 Years
Niederhofer (1994) found that maternal stress during pregnancy was significantly associated with development of personality in early childhood. This study examined the correlation between maternal stress (self-report) during pregnancy for 22 women, its ultrasound objectification by observation of intrauterine fetal movements, child's temperament in early childhood, and child's Independence and social behavior at the age of 2 years while controlling for possible confounding variables. Only intrauterine fetal movements (head/arm/leg) were not associated with stress during pregnancy, temperament, or independence.
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