Nicolosi and Byrd in 2002 summarized empirical research on birth order and sexual orientation in men, which research has documented that homosexual men have a later birth order than heterosexual men. They did not, however, note a more refined analysis of an earlier null finding by Siegelman. This 1998 reanalysis by Blanchard, Zucker, Siegelman, Dickey, and Klassen also confirmed the later birth order of homosexual men.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BemD. J. (1996) Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103, 320–335.
2.
BlanchardR. (1997) Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual versus heterosexual males and females. Annual Review of Sex Research, 8, 27–67.
3.
BlanchardR. (2001) Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 105–114.
4.
BlanchardR.BogaertA. F. (1996) Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 27–31.
5.
BlanchardR.ZuckerK. J.SiegelmanM.DickeyR.ClassenP. (1998) The relation of birth order to sexual orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30, 511–519.
6.
CantorJ. M.BlanchardR.PatersonA. D.BogaertA. F. (2002) How many gay men owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order?Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 63–71.
7.
CohenJ. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8.
EllisL.BlanchardR. (2001) Birth order, sibling sex ratio, and maternal miscarriages in homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 543–552.
9.
NicolosiJ.ByrdA. D. (2002) A critique of Bem's “Exotic Becomes Erotic” theory of sexual orientation development. Psychological Reports, 90, 931–946.
10.
PurcellD. W.BlanchardR.ZuckerK. J. (2000) Birth order in a contemporary sample of gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 349–356.
11.
SiegelmanM. (1973) Birth order and family size of homosexual men and women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 164.