The Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale was developed in 1972 by Richardson and Suinn as a single construct measure. A shortened version, the Revised Mathematics Anxiety Scale (RMARS) was developed by Alexander and Martray in 1989. The latter scale was subjected to factor analysis using 357 senior undergraduates in education. Three main factors accounted for 73% of the variance, confirming the scale's multidimensional structure.
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