The construct of the midlife crisis is examined on definitional, developmental, psychoanalytic, and existential dimensions, and the literature reviewed. The DSM-III—R criteria for Adjustment Disorder appear to subsume the midlife crisis paradigm, and only a small percentage of people high in neuroticism are prone to developmental crises. It is argued that the crisis model is a contemporary social construct that has outlived its usefulness.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (3rd ed., Rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2.
BuunkB. P. (1992) Relative deprivation, career issues, and mental health among men in midlife. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40, 338–350.
3.
CarlsenM. B. (1988) Meaning-making: Therapeutic processes in adult development. New York: Norton.
4.
CarrollL. (1939) Alice's adventures in Wonderland. In CarrollL., The complete works of Lewis Carroll. London: Penguin. Pp. 15–120.
5.
CostaP. T.MetterE. J.McCraeR. R. (1994) Personality stability and its contribution to successful aging. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(1), 41–59.
6.
CytrynbaumS.BlumL.PatrickR.SteinJ.WadnerD.WilkC. (1980) Midlife development: A personality and social systems perspective. In PoonL. W. (Eds), Aging in the 1980's: Psychological issues. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Pp. 463–474.
7.
Dante Alighieri. (1980) The divine comedy of Dante Alighieri: Inferno. (MandelbaumA., Transl.) New York: Bantam Books. (Original work published 1308).
8.
DrebingC. E.GoodenW. E. (1991) The impact of the dream on mental health functioning in the male midlife transition. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 277–287.
9.
EriksonE. H. (1964) Insight and responsibility: Lectures on the ethical implications of psychoanalytic insight. New York: Norton.
10.
EriksonE. H. (1974) Dimensions of a new identity: The Jefferson lectures in the humanities. New York: Norton.
11.
EriksonE. H. (1982) The life cycle completed: A review. New York: Norton.
12.
FranklV. E. (1959) Man's search for meaning. New York: Pocket Books. (Original work published 1946).
13.
GallosJ. V. (1989) Exploring women's development. In ArthurM. B.HallD. T.LawrenceB. S. (Eds.), Handbook of career theory. Boston, MA: Cambridge Univer. Press. Pp. 110–133.
14.
GoldD.AndresD.SchwartzmanA. (1987) Self-perception of personality at midlife in elderly people: Continuity and change. Experimental Aging Research, 13, 197–202.
15.
GouldR. (1990) Clinical lessons from adult development theory. In NemiroffR. A.ColarussoC. A. (Eds.), New dimensions in adult development. New York: Basic Books. Pp. 345–370.
HudsonF. M. (1991) The adult years: Mastering the art of self-renewal. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
18.
JaquesE. (1965) Death and the mid-life crisis. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis and Bulletin of the International Psycho-Analytic Association, 46(4), 502–514.
19.
JungC. G. (1971) The stages of life. In CampbellJ. (Eds), The portable Jung. New York: Penguin. Pp. 3–22.
20.
KimmelD. C. (1980) Adulthood and aging: An interdisciplinary developmental view. (2nd ed.) New York: Wiley.
21.
LevinsonD. J.DarrowC. N.KleinE. B.LevinsonM. H.McKeeB. (1978) The seasons of a man's life. New York: Knopf.
22.
McCraeR. R.CostaP. T. (1990) Personality in adulthood. New York: Guilford.
23.
MercerR. T.NicholsR. G.DoyleG. C. (1988) Transitions in a woman's life: Major life events in developmental contextVol. 12. New York: Springer.
24.
Oxford University Press. (1971) The Oxford English dictionary, (compact ed.) Oxford, UK: Author.
25.
PearlmanS. F. (1993) Late mid-life astonishment: Disruptions to identity and self-esteem. Women & Therapy: A Feminist Quarterly, 14(1/2), 1–12.
26.
PerlmutterM.HallE. (1985) Adult development and aging. New York: Wiley.
27.
RaglandJ. D.BermanA. L. (1991) Farm crisis and suicide: Dying on the vine?Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 22, 173–185.
28.
SchulzR.EwenR. B. (1988) Adult development and aging: Myths and emerging realities. New York: Macmillan.
29.
SheehyG. (1976) Passages predictable crises of adult life. New York: Bantam Books.
30.
VaillantG. E. (1977) Adaptation to life. Boston, MA: Little Brown.
31.
WaskelS. A. (1991) Intensity of midlife crisis on responses to the Death Concern Scale. The Journal of Psychology, 126, 147–154.
32.
WaskelS. A.ColemanJ. (1991) Correlations of temperament types, intensity of crisis at midlife with scores on a death scale. Psychological Reports, 68, 1187–1190.
33.
YalomI. D. (1980) Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.