Expectations about barriers to promotion in management of 26 men and 19 women in an MBA program were similar but men were viewed as risk takers and as making better use of contacts. Men and women also differed on factors of monetary rewards, security, and friendship but both liked challenges.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdlerN. J. (1984a) Expecting international success: female managers overseas. Columbia Journal of World Business, 19, 79–85.
2.
AdlerN. J. (1984b) Women in international management: where are they?California Management Review, 26, 78–89.
3.
AramJ. D. (1991) Presumed superior: individualism and American business. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4.
BaronA. S. (1989) What men are saying about women in business: a decade later. Business Horizons, 32(4), 51–53.
5.
BartlettC. A.GhoshalS. (1989) Managing across borders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
6.
BemS. L.BemD. J. (1978) Homogenizing the American woman: the power of an unconscious ideology. In HamnerW. C. (Ed.), Organizational shock. New York: Wiley. Pp. 212–226.
7.
BrennerO. C.TomiewicsJ.ScheinV. E. (1989) The relationship between sex-role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revised. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 662–669.
8.
CraigQ. (1992) Managing cultural diversity. (Symposium) Detroit, MI: Univer. of Detroit Mercy.
9.
DomschM.LichtenbergerB. (1992) Foreign assignment for female German managers. The International Executive, 32, 345–355.
10.
DonnellS. M.HallJ. (1980) Men and women as managers: a significant case of no significant difference. Organizational Dynamics, 8, 60–77.
11.
FiermanJ. (1990) Why women still don't hit the top. Fortune, 122, 40–60.
12.
FitzgeraldL.ShulmanS. (1984) The myths and realities of women in organizations. Training and Development Journal, 38(4), 65–73.
13.
HarrisP.MoranR. (1991) Managing cultural differences. Houston, TX: Gulf Publ.
14.
JohnstonW. B.PackerA. H. (1987) Workforce 2000: work and workers for the 21st century. Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute.
15.
KanterR. M. (1983) The change masters. New York: Simon & Schuster.
16.
KramK. E. (1985) Mentoring at work: developmental relationships in organizational life. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
17.
KramK. E. (1987) Women and minority workers in business find a mentor can be a rare commodity. Wall Street Journal, 210(95), 39.
18.
MorrisonA. M.Von GlinowM. A. (1990) Women and minorities in management. American Psychologist, 45, 200–208.
19.
ParkerM.PeltierS.WolleatP. (1981) Understanding dual career couples. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(1), 14–18.
20.
PowellG. N. (1988) Women and men in management. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
21.
SchwartzF. N. (1989) Management women and the new facts of life. Harvard Business Review, 89(1), 65–76.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1993) Employment and earnings, 40(12), Table A-4, p. 15. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
24.
WilliamsM. J. (1988) Women beat the corporate game. Fortune, 57(8), 128–138.
25.
ZeffL. E.FremgenB. (1992) Attribution theory: helping women and minorities get promoted. Proceedings of Organizational Management Group, 10(2), 12–17. Grafton, VA: Association of Management.