Feedback is often used to assist instruction but different situations may call for different kinds of feedback. This analysis of the varieties of task, of feedback mode, and of learner is intended to encourage the use of feedback in specifically appropriate situations and to begin systematizing the empirical validation of relevant parameters.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndersonR. C. (1970) Control of student mediating processes during verbal learning and instruction. Review of Educational Research, 40, 349–369.
2.
BarringerC.GholsonB. (1979) Effects of type and combination of feedback upon conceptual learning by children: Implications for research in academic learning. Review of Educational Research, 49, 459–478.
BrackbillY.KappyM. S. (1962) Delay of reinforcement and retention. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 14–18.
5.
GetsieR.LangerP.GlassG. V. (1985) Meta-analysis of the effects of type and combinations of feedback on children's discrimination learning. Review of Educational Research, 55, 9–22.
6.
KaplanP. S. (1990) Educational psychology for tomorrow's teacher. St. Paul, MN: West.
7.
KendlerH. H.KendlerT. S. (1962) Vertical and horizontal processes in problem solving. Psychological Review, 69, 116.
8.
KulikJ. A.KulikC-L. C. (1988) Timing of feedback and verbal learning. Review of Educational Research, 58, 79–97.
9.
LangerP.KeenanV.CullerJ. (1989) Text cueing and comprehension. Psychological Reports, 64, 1147–1158.
10.
LangerP.KeenanV.Medosch-SchonbeckC. (1985) A text synthesis approach to feedback. Psychological Reports, 57, 599–610.
11.
SassenrathJ. M.YongeG. D. (1968) Delayed information feedback, feedback cues, retention set and delayed retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 69–73.
12.
SassenrathJ. M.YongeG. D. (1969) Effects of delayed information feedback and feedback cues in learning and retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 60, 174–177.
13.
SkinnerB. F. (1954) The science of learning and the art of teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 24, 86–97.
14.
SkinnerB. F. (1984) The shame of American education. American Psychologist, 39, 947–954.
15.
SturgesP. T. (1972) Information delay and retention: Effect of information in feedback and tests. Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 32–43.
16.
SturgesP. T. (1978) Delay of information feedback in computer-assisted testing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 378–387.
17.
ThorndikeE. L. (1913) The psychology of learning. New York: Teachers College.
18.
ThorndikeE. L. (1931) Human learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.