The Nowicki-Strickland measure of internal-external locus of control was administered to 110 African-American adolescents. Analysis indicated high externalization, even though these students had a higher than average self-concept.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdamB. D. (1978) Inferiorization and “self-esteem.”Social Psychology Quarterly, 41, 47–53.
2.
CrockerJ.MajorB. (1989) Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608–630.
3.
GoffmanE. (1963) Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4.
MikulincerM.MarshandO. (1991) An excuse perspective of the learned helplessness paradigm the self-protective role of causal attribution. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 134–151.
5.
NowickiS.StricklandB. R. (1973) A locus of control scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 148–154.
6.
PiersE. V.HarrisD. B. (1964) Age and other correlates of self-concept in children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 55, 91–95.
7.
RotterJ. B. (1990) Internal versus external control of reinforcement: a case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45, 489–493.
8.
SnyderC. R.HigginsR. L. (1988) Excuses: their effective role in the negotiation of reality. Psychological Review, 104, 23–35.
9.
StricklandB. R. (1989) Internal-external control of expectancies: from contingency to creativity. American Psychologist, 44, 1–12.
10.
WoodP. C.HillmanS. B.SawilowskyS. S. (1992) Self-concept among African-American at-risk adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 465–466.
