A measure of overt self-criticism was constructed and validated for 38 high and low scorers out of 300 undergraduates, using reports by knowledgeable others.
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References
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PowersT. A.ZuroffD. C. (1988) Interpersonal consequences of overt self-criticism: a comparison with neutral and self-enhancing presentations of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1054–1062.
