The effect of recall order on long-term recency effects in the continuous-distractor paradigm was investigated. Each list contained a series of pairs, each of a word and a number. In a recall session, subjects were given the numbers as probes and recalled the words paired with the numbers. Long-term recency effects were largely reduced when subjects recalled words from the primacy portion prior to other words, as in the case of short-term recency effects observed in the immediate-recall paradigm. These results suggest that the same mechanisms underlie the short-term and the long-term recency effects.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BjorkR. A.WhittenW. B. (1974) Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term free recall. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 173–189.
2.
DalezmanJ. J. (1976) Effects of output order on immediate, delayed, and final recall performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 597–608.
3.
DeeseJ.KaufmanR. A. (1957) Serial effects in recall of unorganized and sequentially organized verbal material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 180–187.
4.
GlanzerM.CunitzA. R. (1966) Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 351–360.
5.
GoodwinC. J. (1976) Changes in primacy and recency with practice in single-trial free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15, 119–132.
6.
GreeneR. L. (1986) Sources of recency effects in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 221–228.
7.
HortonD. L.MillsC. B. (1984) Human learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 361–394.
8.
KoyanagiK.IshikawaS.OhkuboY.IshiiE. (1960) The familiarity values of Japanese three-letter nouns. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 30, 49–57.
9.
PoltrockS. E.MacLeodC. M. (1977) Primacy and recency in the continuous distractor paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 560–571.
10.
RyanT. A. (1959) Multiple comparisons in psychological research. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 26–47.
11.
RyanT. A. (1960) Significance tests for multiple comparison of proportions, variances, and other statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 57, 318–328.
12.
SatoK. (1988) Effect of word familiarity on long-term recency. Psychological Reports, 63, 955–959.
13.
TulvingE.ArbuckleT. Y. (1963) Sources of intratrial interference in immediate recall of paired associates. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1, 321–324.
14.
WhittenW. B.II. (1978) Output interference and long-term serial position effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 685–692.
