A test for the effects of framing of decisions and for biases associated with the judgmental heuristics of representativeness, anchoring, and availability was given to college students. The items were modifications of the original items reported by Kahneman and Tversky, reworded for simplicity and familiarity. The subjects were instructed to try to imagine actual situations described in problems. The framing effects and the biases were replicated except in the case of insensitivity to prior probabilities.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
HayesJ. R.SimonH. A. (1974) Understanding written problem instruction. In GreggL. W. (Eds), Knowledge and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pp. 167–200.
2.
HayesJ. R.SimonH. A. (1977) Psychological differences among problem isomorphs. In CastellanN. J.PisoniD. B.PottsG. R. (Eds.), Cognitive theory. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pp. 21–42.
3.
KahnemanD.SlovicP.TverskyA. (Eds.) (1982) Judgement under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge Univer. Press.
4.
KahnemanD.TverskyA. (1972) Subjective probability: a judgment by representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 430–454.
5.
KahnemanD.TverskyA. (1973) On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80, 237–251.
6.
KahnemanD.TverskyA. (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131.
7.
KotovskyK.HayesJ. R.SimonH. A. (1985) Why are some problems hard? Evidence from Tower of Hanoi. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 248–294.
8.
SimonH. A.HayesJ. R. (1976) The understanding process: problem isomorphs. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 165–190.
9.
TverskyA.KahnemanD. (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458.
