16 graduate students in a seminar on stress responded to a 30-item adjective scale (anxious, tense, weak, etc.) during a nonstressful situation and again after a difficult test was introduced. The Incremental R-technique of factor analysis applied to the 30 × 30 difference-score correlation matrix yielded 10 factors, whose structure clearly indicated the hypothesis-generating possibilities of this analytical method, which should be applied to a larger data base.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AppleyM. H. (Eds) (1957) Psychological stress and related concepts: a bibliography. Project NR 172–288, Contract Nonr 996(02), Connecticut College, New London, CT.
2.
AxA. F. (1953) The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 433–442.
3.
BerkunM. M.BialekH. M.KernR. P.YagiK. (1962) Experimental studies of psychological stress in man. Psychological Monographs, 76, No. 15 (Whole No. 534)
4.
BidermanA. D. (1964) Captivity, lore and behavior in captivity. In GrosserG. H.WechslerH.GreenblattM. (Eds.), The threat of impending disaster. Cambridge, MA: M. I.T. Press. Pp. 223–250.
5.
ByrdR. E. (1938) Alone. New York: Putnam.
6.
CattellR. B. (1946) The description and measurement of personality. New York: World Book.
7.
DeutschF. (1986) Calling a freeze on “stress wars”: there is hope for adaptational outcomes. American Psychologist, 41, 713–714.
8.
DohrenwendB. P.ShroutP. E. (1985) “Hassles” in the conceptualization and measurement of life stress variables. American Psychologist, 40, 780–785.
9.
HotellingH. (1933) Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. Journal of Educational Psychology, 24, 417–441.
10.
KaiserH. F. (1956) The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 23, 187–200.
11.
LaceyJ. I. (1956) The evaluation of autonomic responses: toward a general solution. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 67, 123–164.
12.
LaceyJ. I.LaceyB. (1962) The Law of Initial Value in the longitudinal study of autonomic constitution: reproducibility of autonomic responses and response patterns over a four-year interval. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 98, 1257–1290, 1322–1326.
13.
LazarusR. S.DeLongisA.FolkmanS.GruenR. (1985) Stress and adaptational outcomes: the problem of confounded measures. American Psychologist, 40, 770–779.
14.
MaierN. R. F. (1949) Frustration: a study of behavior without a goal. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15.
MilgramS. (1974) Obedience to authority: an experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.
16.
MillerJ. G.BouthiletL.EldridgeC. (1953) A bibliography for the development of experimental stress-sensitive tests for predicting performance in military tasks. Washington, DC: Psychological Research Associates. (PRB Technical Report 1079, Research Note 22)
17.
NowlisV.NowlisH. (1956) The description and analysis of mood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 65, 345–355.
18.
OkenD. (1967) The psychophysiology and psychoendocrinology of stress and emotion. In AppleyM. H.TrumbullR. (Eds.), Psychological stress: issues in research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Pp. 43–76.
19.
O'ReillyJ. P. (1974) Performance decrements under hyperbaric HeO2. Undersea Biomedical Research, 1(4), 353–361.
20.
WengerM. A. (1948) Studies of autonomic balance in the Army Air Forces personnel. Comparative Psychology Monograph, 19, 1–111.
21.
WeybrewB. B. (1959) Patterns of reaction to stress as revealed by a factor analysis of autonomic-change measures and behavioral observations. Journal of General Psychology, 60, 253–264.
22.
WeybrewB. B. (1963) Psychological problems of prolonged periods of marine submergence. In BurnsN. E.ChambersR. M.HendlerE. (Eds.), Unusual environments and human behavior. New York: Collier-Macmillan. Pp. 85–125.
23.
WeybrewB. B. (1966) Patterns of psychophysiological response to military stress. In AppleyM. H.TrumbullR. (Eds.), Psychological stress: issues in research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Pp. 324–354.
24.
WeybrewB. B. (1970) Characteristics of the submarine line officer: I. A factor analytical study of the candidate for the nuclear submarine service. U.S. Navy Submarine Research Laboratory, Report Number 616.
25.
WeybrewB. B. (1978) Diver adaptability during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 atmospheres pressure. Undersea Biomedical Research, 5, 259–273.
26.
WilderJ. (1957) The Law of Initial value in neurology and psychiatry. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 125, 73–86.
27.
ZuckermanM. B.LubinM.RobinsS. (1965) Validation of the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist in clinical situations. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 594–605.