Two experiments examined the effects of induced moods on memory retrieval. In the first experiment, subjects read statements which induce temporary elation or depression and then recalled specific personal memories. Subjects in the elated condition rated their memories significantly more pleasant than subjects experiencing a depressed mood. In a second experiment, subjects who had read elated or depressed statements gave single-word associates to each of 15 stimulus words. The mean ratings for the associate words produced by subjects in the elated condition were significantly more pleasant than those from depressed subjects.
BeckA. T.Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
4.
BowerG. H.Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 1981, 36, 129–148.
5.
BrownG. W.HarrisT.Social origins of depression. New York: The Free Press, 1978.
6.
FisherV. E.MarrowA. J.Experimental study of moods. Character and Personality, 1934, 2, 201–208.
7.
HaleW. D.StricklandB. R.The induction of mood states and their effect on cognitive and social behaviors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 155.
8.
IsenA. M.ShalkerT. E.ClarkM.KarpL.Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: A cognitive loop?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978, 36, 1–12.
9.
KovacsM.BeckA. T.Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1978, 135, 525–533.
10.
KovacsM.BeckA. T.Cognitive-affective processes in depression. In IzardC. E. (Ed.), Emotions in personality and psychopathology. New York: Plenum, 1979. Pp. 417–442.
11.
LevinP.IsenA. M.Further studies on the effect of feeling good on helping. Sociometry, 1975, 38, 141–147.
12.
LloydG. G.LishmanW. A.Effect of depression on the speed of recall of pleasant and unpleasant experiences. Psychological Medicine, 1975, 5, 173–180.
13.
MastersJ. C.BardenR. C.FordM. E.Affective states, expressive behavior, and learning in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 380–390.
14.
MastersJ. C.FurmanW.Effects of affect states on noncontingent outcome expectancies and beliefs in internal or external control. Developmental Psychology, 1976, 12, 481–482.
15.
NataleM.Effects of induced elation-depression on speech in the initial interview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 45–52.
16.
OrneM. T.On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 1962, 17, 776–783.
17.
OvertonD. A.Major theories of state dependent learning. In HoB. T.RichardsD.ChuteD. (Eds.), Drug discrimination and state dependent learning. New York: Academic Press, 1978. Pp. 283–317.
18.
PaykelE. S.MyersJ. K.DieneltM. N.KlermanG. L.LindenthalJ. J.PepperM. P.Life events and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1969, 21, 753–760.
19.
StricklandB. R.HaleW. D.AndersonL. K.Effect of induced mood on activity and self reported affect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 587.
20.
TeasdaleJ. D.FogartyS. J.Differential effects of induced mood on retrieval of pleasant and unpleasant events from episodic memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1979, 88, 248–257.
21.
TeasdaleJ. D.TaylorR.FogartyS. J.Effects of induced elation-depression on the accessibility of memories of happy and unhappy experiences. Behaviour, Research & Therapy, 1980, 18, 339–346.
22.
TulvingE.Episodic and semantic memory. In TulvingE.DonaldsonW. (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press, 1972. Pp. 382–404.
23.
VeltenE.A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behavior Research & Therapy, 1968, 6, 473–482.
24.
WeingartnerH.MillerH.MurphyD. L.Mood state dependent retrieval of verbal associations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1977, 86, 276–284.
25.
WeingartnerH.MurphyD.StillmanR. C.Drug and mood state-specific encoding and retrieval of experience. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series, 1978, 19, 210–223.
