Our analysis of the ways in which individuals attempt to make their lives meaningful has identified three basic paths to being, each motivated by a distinctive value-orientation, intrinsic, self, or social. Valid philosophies of life emerge when these value commitments entail existential risk and an existential criterion. Furthermore, distinctive life styles are considered to result from attempts to pursue patterns in living that are consistent with one's philosophy of life and satisfy the existential criterion. These concepts are also analyzed from the standpoint of a multifactor-systems theory of individuality, where distinctive life styles are seen as resulting from the integration of the value and affective systems of personality.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AllportG. W.VernonP. E.LindzeyG.Study of Values. (Rev.)Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951.
2.
AmmonsR. B.AmmonsC. H.Psychology of the scientist: I. Introduction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1962, 15, 748–750.
3.
AtkinsonG.LunneborgC. E.Comparison of oblique and orthogonal simple structure solutions for personality and interest factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1968, 3, 21–35.
4.
BakerC. M.Hemingway: The writer as artist. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Univer. Press, 1972.
5.
BassB. M.Social behavior and the orientation inventory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 1967, 68, 260–292.
6.
BeaulieuV. L.Jack Kerouac: A chicken-essay. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1975.
7.
BerrienF. K.General and social systems. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers Univer. Press, 1968.
8.
BrinkT. L.The case of Hitler: An Adlerian perspective on psychohistory. Journal of Individual Psychology, 1975, 31, 23–31.
9.
ClarkR. W.Einstein: The life and times. New York: Avon, 1971.
10.
DerlethA.Concord rebel: A life of Henry David Thoreau. Philadelphia: Chilton, 1962.
11.
DickensR.Thoreau: The complete individualist. New York: Exposition Press, 1974.
12.
EaswaranE.Gandhi the man. San Francisco: Glide Publ., 1972.
13.
EdwardsA. L.Manual for the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. (Rev. ed.) New York: Psychological Corp., 1959.
14.
EdwardsA. L.AbbottR. D.KlockarsA. J.A factor analysis of the EPPS and PRF personality inventories. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1972, 32, 23–29.
GoffmanE.Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interaction. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961.
17.
HarréR.Some remarks on “rule” as a scientific concept. In MischelT. (Ed.), Understanding other persons. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1974. Pp. 143–184.
18.
HeideggerM.Being and time. London: Southern Christian Man's Press, 1962.
19.
HofmannB.Albert Einstein: Creator and rebel. New York: Viking Press, 1972.
20.
HubaG. T.HamiltonD. L.On the generality of trait relationships: Some analyses based on Fishe's paper. Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 868–876.
21.
HullC. L.Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton, 1943.
22.
HullC. L. Clark L. Hull.InBoringE. G.LanefeldH. S.WernerH.YerkesR. M. (Eds.), A history of psychology in autobiography. Vol. IV. Worchester: Clark Univer. Press, 1952. Pp. 143–162.
23.
HullC. L.Psychology of the scientist: IV. Passages from the “Idea Books” of Clark L. Hull. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1962, 15, 807–882.
24.
HydeH. M.Stalin: The history of a dictator. New York: Hanford Productions, 1971.
25.
JacksonD. N.Personality Research Form manual. Goshen, N. Y.: Research Psychologists Press, 1967.
26.
JungR.Systems of orientation. In KochenD. M. (Ed.), Some problems in information science. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1965. Pp. 67–93.
27.
KearsleyG. P.RoyceJ. R.A multi-factor theory of sensation: Individuality in sensory structure and sensory processing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1977, 44, 1299–1316.
28.
KbrouacJ.On the road. New York: Viking Press, 1957.
29.
KeseyK.One flew over the cuckoo's nest. New York: New American Library, 1962.
30.
KingetG.On being human: A systematic view. New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1975.
31.
KochS.Language communities, search cells, and the psychological studies. In ArnoldW. J. (Ed.), The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1976: Conceptual foundations of psychology. Lincoln: Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1976. Pp. 580–665.
32.
KuderG. F.Kuder preference record—-vocational. Chicago: Science Research Assoc., 1948.
33.
KurthG.The Jew and Adolf Hitler. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1947, 16, 11–32.
34.
LangerW. C.The mind of Adolf Hitler. New York: Putnam, 1969.
35.
LaszloE.A strategy for the future: The systems approach to world order. New York: Braziller, 1974.
MesarovicM. D.MackoD.TakaharaY.Theory of hierarchical, multilevel, systems. New York: Academic Press, 1970.
45.
MesarovicM. D.PestelE.Mankind at the turning point. New York: Dutton, 1974.
46.
MichenerJ. A.DayA. G.Rascals in paradise. New York: Random House, 1957.
47.
MillerD. L.Individualism: Personal achievement and the open society. Austin: Univer. of Texas Press, 1967.
48.
MillerJ. G.Living systems: The organism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 1973, 3, 92–276.
49.
MorrisC.Varieties of human value. Chicago: Univer. of Chicago Press, 1956.
50.
MurrayH. A. (and collaborators). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford Univer., 1938.
51.
NesselroadeJ. R.BaltesP. B.Higher order factor convergence and divergence of two distinct personality systems: Cattell's HSPQ and Jackson's PRF. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1975, 10, 387–408.
52.
PayneR.The rise and fall of Stalin. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965.
53.
PayneR.The life and death of Adolf Hitler. New York: Praeger, 1973.
54.
PowellA.KatzkoM.RoyceJ. R.A multifactor-systems theory of the structure and dynamics of motor functions. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1978, in press.
55.
RiesmanD.Selected essays from individualism reconsidered. New York: Free Press, 1954.
56.
RogersC. R.On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.
57.
RoyceJ. R.The encapsulated man: An interdisciplinary essay on the search for meaning. Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1964.
58.
RoyceJ. R.The conceptual framework for a multi-factor theory of individuality. In RoyceJ. R. (Ed.), Multivariate analysis and psychological theory. London: Academic Press, 1973. Pp. 305–407.
59.
RoyceJ. R.Epistemic styles, individuality, and world-view. In DebonsA.CameronW. (Eds.), Perspectives in information science. Leyden, The Netherlands: International Publ., 1975. Pp. 259–295.
60.
RoyceJ. R.Psychology is multi: Methodological, variate, epistemic, world-view, systemic, paradigmatic, theoretic, and disciplinary. In ArnoldW. J. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1976: Conceptual foundations of psychology. Lincoln: Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1976. Pp. 1–63.
61.
RoyceJ. R.Meaning, value, and personality. In The search for absolute values: Unity among the sciences. New York: Intercultural Found., 1977. Pp. 349–356. (a).
62.
RoyceJ. R.On the construct validity of open field measures. Psychological Bulletin, 1977, 84, 1098–1106. (b).
63.
RoyceJ. R.BussA. R.The role of general systems and information theory in multifactor individuality theory. Canadian Psychological Review, 1976, 17, 1–21.
64.
RoyceJ. R.McDermottJ.A multi-dimensional system dynamics model of affect. Motivation and Emotion, 1977, 1, 197–224.
65.
SeaverG.Albert Schweitzer: The man and his mind. New York: Harper, 1947.
66.
SeligmanM.Helplessness: On development, death, and depression. San Francisco: Freeman, 1975.
67.
SkinnerB. F.Walden two. New York: Macmillan, 1948.
StirnerM.The ego and his own: The case of the individual against authority. New York: Libertarian Book Club, 1845.
70.
StrickerL. J.The Personality Research Form: Factor structure and response style involvement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 529–537.
71.
StrongE. K.Vocational interests of men and women. Stanford: Stanford Univer. Press, 1943.
72.
TerkelS.Working: People talk about what they do all day and how they feel about what they do. New York: Pantheon Books, 1974.
73.
ThoreauH. D.The writings of Henry David Thoreau. (Walden ed.) New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1906.
74.
TillichP.The courage to be. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univer. Press, 1952.
75.
TolandJ.Adolf Hitler. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1976.
76.
WardellD.RoyceJ. R.Toward a multi-factor theory of styles and their relationships to cognition and affect. Journal of Personality, 1978, in press.
WilsonE. O.Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Belnap Press, 1975.
79.
ZimbardoP. G.The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In ArnoldW. J.LevineD. (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1969. Lincoln: Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1970. Pp. 237–308.
