A conceptual distinction between social and existential courage is advanced. Social courage is defined as risk-taking in pursuit of socially valued goals. Existential courage is the learned capacity to make self-defined appropriate choices, to express self-defined appropriate emotions independent of, despite, or in opposition to survival or social cost motivation. Development of a Likert-type scale outlines constituent values of social and existential courage.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BugentalJ. F. T.The search for authenticity. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965.
2.
EdwardsA. L.Techniques of attitude scale construction. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
3.
FranklV. E.Man's search for meaning. New York: Washington Square Press, 1968.
4.
RokeachM.The nature of human values. New York: Free Press, 1973.
5.
TillichP.The courage to be. New Haven: Yale Univer. Press, 1952.
6.
TurnbullC. M.The mountain people. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
