Four male confederates (black—one aged 20 yr., one aged 30 yr.; white—one aged 20 yr., one aged 30 yr.) were positioned in front of a bubble gum machine so Ss would have to invade their personal space to perform an act of turning a knob to receive free bubble gum. Significantly more black Ss invaded the personal space of black confederates. Consistent with findings in previous studies, females were more cautious about invading personal space. These findings do not support an aversive effect on Ss invading personal space but indicate that race and sex of confederates influence invasion.
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