Non-smokers, 24-hr. deprived smokers and non-deprived smokers learned either a low or high meaningful list of paired-associates. On both trials and errors to criterion, deprived smokers performed better on the high meaningful list and worse on the low meaningful list than either of the other two groups. It was concluded that smoking deprivation produced definite signs of withdrawal effects. These took the form of an increase in arousal which facilitated performance on the easier list and retarded performance on the more difficult list.
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